Python Full Course – 12 Hours | Python For Beginners – Full Course | Python Tutorial | Edureka
- December 22, 2023
- Posted by: MainInstructor
- Category: .Net Amazon Web Services Artificial Intelligence BASIC C Data Science Game Development Go Java JavaScript Node Pascal Python React Software Testing SQL Visual Basic Web Development
Video Title: Python Full Course – 12 Hours | Python For Beginners – Full Course | Python Tutorial | Edureka
Python is more than just a programming language. It is also a great place to begin. If you’re just starting to code with the popularity and versatility that python bags. No wonder it is a great time to Learn Python Programming. Hi. I welcome you all to this full court session on Python Programming
And what follows is hopefully a crash course of everything that you need to know to start out with python, but before we begin, Begin, let’s talk about our agenda for today. So we’re going to start out by introducing you to python here. We are also going to talk about the market trends
And overview of python. Also, we’re going to give you a guided way of becoming a python developer. Now next. We are going to talk about the step-by-step installation of a python IDE and we are going to also help you run your first Python program across various ideas.
Now next we’re going to talk about python Basics here. We’re going to talk about comments variables data types and Traitors in Python now followed by which we are going to talk about a few popular python libraries like numpy and sciPy now next. We’re going to get a little deeper here.
We’re going to talk about file handling and functions in Python. We also going to discuss Concepts such as object oriented programming classes and inheritance in Python now followed by that. We have a final topic which is web development and web scraping in Python here. We are also going to talk about Frameworks associated
With python like Django flask and web 2 pi with that. I come to the end of the agenda. Also currently take up this time to subscribe to us. And don’t forget to hit that Bell icon to never miss an update from the Edureka YouTube channel. Also check out our Python Programming certification course
The link to which is in a description box below. So without Much Ado, let’s get started. Fighting is the fastest growing language in terms of developers libraries and applications that it can be used for it could be machine learning artificial intelligence web development anything
That you can think of python has always got you covered. Now before we get started, please subscribe to the channel and turn on notifications for all of our future videos with that. Let’s go ahead with the agenda for today’s session. We shall understand. What python We is
And why it is so popular thereafter the features that python has and where it is used in the industries. Finally. We can take a look at how to get started off with the python Basics and end our session with the career opportunities that by then holds for us.
Let’s move ahead with the first topic for today. What is python well python is a general-purpose programming language, which is high-level easy to learn and dynamically initialized the development of python started out as a hobby for its creator. Your Divine resume because he wanted to make a language
That was beautiful to look at and easy for everybody to read to do this he used indentations instead of curly braces to basically describe the blocks of code that came inside the language the language went on but did not receive love as it was slow compared to the other languages
Now with the rise of machine learning and artificial intelligence python has come into the spotlight because it makes the work much more productive and much more easy why Why is that? Well it is because of the amazing computing power that we have. We just won’t work to be much more productive.
Even if it takes a lot of time so that basically wraps of this topic of what does python having that understood let us move ahead and understand why python is popular comparing it to the other languages python is the best language to get started off with it’s easy syntax
And high level features make it one of the best language for anybody to get started off with programming. Maybe kids or veterans it is the language for everybody. The next reason is that python is an open source language meaning that it is free for anybody to use every day.
There are thousands of programmers who come together online in making python better and efficient you modify the code you break the code and you make the code you’re allowed to do it without any problems. Moving ahead. Bison can be used to make almost anything gy applications web applications.
Mobile app server side coding artificial intelligence machine learning algorithms anything that you want to make python will always have the way to do it lastly. There is a huge community of people who come together to make the libraries or modules that can be used to obtain a Solutions just
For an example machine learning algorithms are already available and you can use them to obtain your Solutions. But your productivity right up there you code is much more lesser. You can see why people around the world Four bytes and so much features make a language attractive and that is
What python is made up of features that make anybody want to start coding with it. Let us now see the different features that python has in store for us. The most well-known feature of python is its Simplicity python has made programming fun
Because it is simple it makes you think move for your solution rather than the syntax the next important feature is that python is an open source language, which means that it is free for anybody to use use modifications to python are also allowed without any problems which brings us
To its next feature portability python supports portability, which means that you can write your code and share it with anybody that you want to and it would work the same way as it does for you when you run the code this makes movements of projects and systems much more easier.
Our next feature are the embedding properties chances are that certain languages May perform certain functions better than python, but that does not stop you. As python suppose adding code of other languages into itself to run those functions, which makes python all the more powerful with that.
Let us move over to the next feature interpretation python is interpreted line by line, which means the management of memory and CPU and debugging of the code much more simple if you wonder by now whether python is the language to get started off with let me tell you
That it is python has a huge Library support which would help you to obtain solutions to your problems easier. You can get started off with data science web development on the go with python. You may have had questions. Like how do developers make applications that are so well related to a domain
That is because of object-oriented Concepts python supports. Oops, meaning that you can model a real word problem into your code and have security for it such that access to them is restricted which helps you replicate real world scenarios. Now that we know all the amazing features that python has for us.
Why don’t we look at a few of the most? Alone companies who use Python Google is the most known Tech Giant who uses python to provide better search features to its users Dropbox is a cloud platform to save data online its client and server applications have been coded
Using python Netflix uses machine learning with python to learn the taste of its users cluster them into groups and then recommend them shoes to retain them for longer the National Security Agency uses python for cyber security analysis, and for the encryption and decryption purposes. The BitTorrent application which is used
For peer-to-peer communication started out as a simple python file NASA scientists use Python to perform calculations which helps them reduce time and makes their work easier. So these are the major companies who use python as you may know python is a very important language and it would definitely be beneficial
If you start learning with now you would wonder how do we get started off with learning python? Let me help you with that. So to get started off with learning this amazing programming language you would firstly need the basics which are variables datatypes and operators’ which helps you to understand data
And the different data types that you can use such as numeric lists tuples and so many more naming data and Performing operations which can help you to obtain logic or simple additions or subtractions and so forth once you understand that you can move ahead to understand res
Which can be used to store data in a structured manner nextly understand the flow control twerking and how you can manipulate it using Loops such as the for Loop in the while loop and conditions which are the if else statements you can then study about how to make methods
Which are basically used to perform certain functions which can be as simple as adding numbers to performing the most complex of work that you can think of liter learn how files are handled where you can read data from files and write data to the files you can then learn about Hoops
By understanding classes and objects and were they important This is and finally to master it all you need to practice python as much as you can because practice is what makes you better at it. Once you are done understanding the basics. What do you do you master it?
There are a variety of careers that are at your disposal stick to the one that you feel is your goal and start mastering it which brings us to the career opportunities that by then holds for us web app development is an option that you can choose you have Frameworks such as Django
And flowers that can. Can be used to create web applications game development is also a career option that is available where you can create AI enemies and bosses and graphic textures. Accordingly. Big Data analysis is a booming field which can be used to obtain data helpful to make decisions and help take risks
For better profits web app testing is also an option where you can report bugs and make sure that a website works as needed data scientist machine learning engineer artificial intelligence are some of the fields that Everybody wants to get into and it is clearly one of the jobs that looks
Like it would have a long life cycle smart iot devices are another place where you can use Python and build better infrastructure for connecting the world. So those are some of the most well-known career opportunities that python has for you. There are many more such as
A software developer automation engineer and much more. So now I hope all of you know, what python is and why everybody loves it so much. I hope all of you would consider learning. Learning python because it is just fun to learn and easy to program
With Netflix is the leader of its plan for video streaming and for all take savvis. This Market giant has revealed that python is the secret to its success before we begin just make sure you subscribe to our Channel and hit the Bell icon to stay updated
With all the latest Eddie Rekha videos coming back towards the session. Let’s first begin with a small introduction to Netflix and We shall move on to see how Netflix uses python in various sectors such as for its CDN, which is open connect Fordham and engineering and machine learning big data analytics
And scientific experimentations video encoding animations security and finally for monitoring and auto remediation. So without any further delays, let’s get started Netflix as we all know is an American company which renders video-on-demand Services. It has about a hundred and forty eight million subscribers through out the world
And the number however keeps growing each day in a period of approximately two decades Netflix has emerged as the king of its clan for the biggest TV series and movies throughout the world being the fastest growing brand of America and having a revenue of twenty point five billion till June 2019.
It’s enough for it to be an eye-catcher. Thereby interesting all into its technical spheres. Let’s move on to see how Netflix uses python in its various domains. Engineers at Netflix admit that they use Python for the full content lifecycle from deciding which content to fund all the way to operating the CDN
That serves the final video 248 million subscribers. Now that we’ve taken the name of Syrian over here. Let’s move on to see what this is and how it makes use of python the CDN or content delivery Network that Netflix makes use of is open connect. This basically comes
Into picture when you hit the play button. All the content delivered to the end user is looked after by this CDN open connect basically requires various other software’s to design built and operated which are in turn written in Python. Not just this the network devices underlying this CDN our python applications
Since python is prominent in solving network issues. Now that we are aware of the first component open connect. Let’s move on to see how Netflix uses python for its demand engineering the And engineering team is responsible for handling Netflix clouds Regional fail overs traffic Administration capacity operations management,
Which is looking after the limit up to which the content can be made serviceable and Fleet efficiency. The library is used by this team are the numpy and the Sci-Fi Library, which is used for performing numerical analysis boat or three which is the software development kit of the Amazon web services for python.
This helps python developers integrate. On into AWS. Thereby allowing development in the infrastructure radius, Q or r q, which is a python Library which helps to keep track of the tasks that are present in the queue and allows their execution. Thereby allowing the management of asynchronous workloads flask Netflix uses flask
For python web development Netflix uses flask apis to bind all of the previous segments together. Not just this Netflix also makes use of Jupiter know Books along with interact which is an extension for Jupiter on a large scale Jupiter is known to be popular for data analysis.
It serves very well in operation data analysis and visualization which in turn helps in detecting capacity regressions. Now, let’s move on to see how python is used for machine learning machine learning ranges from creating personalization algorithms to figuring out the use cases personalization algorithms helped to train the machine learning models
As As per the Netflix standard it also provides personalized recommendations outlines on a day-to-day basis label Generations Etc. The library is required to learn deep neural networks are tensorflow Kara’s and python watch whereas XG boost and light GBM for gradient boosted decision trees. Netflix has also developed quite a few higher level libraries
That help in combining with the work area such as fact logging feature extraction publishing Etc. Apart from all this Netflix also makes use of meta flow to create machine learning projects. The Big Data team is responsible to execute the ETL or the extract transform load and ad hoc pipelines. A major part
Of this orchestration is written in Python. This team uses a scheduler which runs on jupyter notebooks with paper mill to produce job types with templates. For example, spark Presto Etc. In addition to this the team has also created an event. In driven platform which is built completely on python.
They’ve created a number of events and combined it into a single one allowing Netflix to filter react and Route events. Okay. So now let’s move on to see how python is used for scientific experimentations. This platform is basically created for experimentations and to allow A/B Testing guys a be testing is also called
A split testing and it deals with comparing two versions and figuring out the better performing. Among them the scientific experimentation team can also present new Innovations in data statistics and visualization. The python framework that has implemented here is metrics report which is based on Pi Pika and allows writing of reusable parameterised queries
For the statistics sector by arrow and rpy to are used to calculate the statistics in either python or are plotly helps in visualizations video encoding or media cloud. During this team is responsible for encoding and re-encoding tasks for the Netflix catalog. Python is used approximately 450 projects such as the V math
Which is video multi-method assessment fusion and mezzanine file system computer vision solution, which deals with imagery using Archer Etc Netflix animation and envy FX python forms the base for all animations and visual effects at Netflix Maya and nuke which are 3D and 2D. D computer graphic applications are united using python.
Now, let’s move on to see how Netflix uses python for its information security Netflix uses python pad information systems for auto remediation security automation risk classifications Etc. The most active open source project of this team is security monkey Netflix also uses bless which stands for basham’s Lambda M Farrell SSH service
To protect secure shell. Sources report kid is used to Grant. I am permissions and TLS certificates are allotted through Lemma. Both of these tasks rely mainly on python. Finally. Let’s move on to see how python is used for monitoring and auto remediation the monitoring and auto remediation team is also known as
Insight engineering team, they build and execute tools for operational Insight Diagnostics Auto remediation and altering for most of its services. Steam makes use of python. For example The Spectator python client Library. This library is used for recording dimensional time series along with these libraries products like Winston
And bolt are also built on python Frameworks, which are flask unicorn and flask rest plus summing it all up one can easily claim that python is the driving force for Netflix vital has to Followed all its rivals in popularity and this popularity is directly proportional to money-making.
So before we begin just make sure you subscribe to our Channel and hit the Bell icon to stay updated with all the latest Eddie Rekha videos coming back towards this session. We shall first take a look at who are python developers and what are their job Trends
Then we shall take a look at the average salary is drawn by these developers based on three factors, which are experienced location and skill set. So without any further delays, let’s get started. A python developer just like any other developer is someone who designs programs and deliver software applications,
But using python some of the most important responsibilities include writing effective code for back and components testing and debugging programs creating applications that can be integrated with the present ones Etc. The current salary trend of these developers has also remarkably increased but before taking a look at that here is a survey
That reasons out why python developers are heavily paid pythons popularity in 2019 is record-breaking according to stack Overflow python has emerged as the most question language leaving behind its Fierce competitor JavaScript GitHub grants python top slot in the race for popularity.
So as you can see on the screen python stands first Java second followed by JavaScript Etc. This popularity is also a reason for the growth in job trends for python developers. These developers are in great demand all over the world in August. In 19 in deed shows
About 69,000 openings for a python developer. Most of these jobs are in sectors like web development Big Data machine learning data science Etc, New York city has the most number of job postings for python developers followed by Chicago and San Francisco. So given this I know you all will be eager to know.
What is the average salary drawn by these developers the average salary depends on many factors. The three most important factors are experienced lucky. Asian and skill set. So talking about a python developers experience and entry-level python developer earns a minimum of two point four lakhs per annum the upper limit.
However, depends on the organizations and the skillset possessed by the developer on an average the python developer salary at an entry level is about 5 lakhs per annum in India and about 88,000 dollars in the US. The next level of these developers is becoming a senior python developer
And at this level the average salary. Comes about 8 lakhs per annum the biggest leap in salaries is seen after the senior level for developers. So now let’s move on towards the next factor, which is location salaries of python developers also, very geographically in the US the best location
For a python developer seems to be California having an average of hundred and twenty-two thousand dollars per year California stands at the top of the list for best book locations for python developer when it comes to India the best location for us. Software developer with python skills is good ground
Having an average pace care of seven like thirty one thousand per year. Okay. So now moving on towards the next very important factor, which is skill set having the knowledge of python along with other skills proves to be a very crucial Factor influencing python developer salaries, according to CV compiler the most in-demand
Skills preferred along with python are AWS and Django the average salary for a python developer having knowledge of Django is about 6 lakhs. For annum which is much higher compared to the average seen earlier in the session how to become a python developer. So guys, I will be discussing
Everything related or python developer, you know, who is a python developer. What are the various job roles available in the market who can become a python developer and then prerequisites in everything around, you know, if you’re looking to you know, make a career in Python.
Let’s move forward and have a look at the agenda for today. So this is what we will be discussing today. We’ll Begin by understanding who is a python developer and why one should even consider python as a you know, as a preferred programming language then the question is, how should I start?
I mean, how should I go about becoming a python developer then we’ll focus on various job rules for a python developer and let me tell you there are a lot of job roles out there, right? So if you think about python you have a lot of fields lot of domains
That you can go in right then a few projects for practice. I mean you can just And it on the internet and and it’s available and I believe the best way to learn anything is to start working on it and you should start working on the project.
So I’m going to give you a small introduction to few of the projects that you can start with. Now the question is who is a python developer. So let me tell you that first of all a python developer does not it is a very subjective term. I would say why because you know,
There are a lot of domains. There are a lot of different types of job roles available in available in Python, right? So when I say python developer does not necessarily mean I’m talking about a software engineer does not necessarily mean I’m talking about a web developer or a mobile app developer, right?
So a python developer is a very vast field. I mean something which doesn’t exist right? Because there are certain fields or sub domains in Python that you can, you know, come up with a job rule around that. That’s what I mean. Right? So, you know, he can be a software developer a software.
You can be developing web apps mobile apps he might be even into testing right because you can use Python with selenium. Then he can become a data analysis as well or he can be a data scientist machine learning engineer artificial intelligence Engineers are different types of job roles available in the market.
Next up we are going to focus on you know, why become a python developer because everything exists for a reason, right? And let’s try to figure out why one should even consider python is a programming language. When you have Java JavaScript and other different programming languages
And the best answer given to this question is by stack Overflow. So have a look at the graph guys, right? I don’t have to explain anything here because the red line the red curve that you are seeing is of python, right? So from 2012 to 2018,
You can see that it’s it’s an exponential. Growth, right. This is this is it’s a straight line. I’m sorry, right? So yeah, I mean it’s growing pretty fast and I would also tell you one thing guys are always make sense to learn something when you know, there’s a demand there’s no
You can not you know, so when there are no tights, right, so just to explain you that now python comes with really really cool features. So let me just talk about those features. First of all, it is very very easy to learn. So all the people who are actually scared
Of coding don’t you don’t have to be scared of python. I’m being really honest because it is very very easy to write code in Python. The syntax is very easy, right then tons of libraries guys. If you are talking about machine learning web development numeric computation scientific computation,
Whatever comes to your mind any type of application python gives you a very good Library around that whether it’s computer vision anything you can think of right? So there are a lot of libraries available with python that you can use for. The purposes right next day’s it is free and open
Source that I think a lot of you might already know, right and the best part is it has a very active Community guys right high demand as I’ve just proved with the stock word flow graph apart from that since python is not only used for one particular domain or one particular purpose.
So if You Learn Python, you can go into any field right? It’s like, you know a typical Indian household, you know, pay parents who tell their kids to go ahead and study. Engineering and then he can decide what you want to do. Well something similar but this makes more sense. Right?
So these are the various features guys, right and few companies few Giants who are using Python and let me tell you guys each and every company out there in the market nowadays use Python, right? I have written down few big names so that you can actually relate Google NASA, you know,
Firefox YouTube Netflix Facebook Dropbox Raspberry Pi IBM Walt Disney, all of them are using Python and Very happy about the services and you know, basically whatever the python whatever python comes with right next up. We are going to talk about salary Trends. This is something that you can see it on your screen,
But I would definitely tell you guys it is a average number and generally a data scientist is not going to earn you know, 8 lakh per annum 8 lakh rupees per annum it’ll be definitely more than that. It’s just an average. We have taken it from a pay scale.
It is definitely more than in that I’m telling you that through my experience, right and devops engineer also earns a lot more than what it is here apart from that. There is also a start around the python developer salary in popular cities, right? So we have San Francisco
Which was paying somewhere in on 137 thousand eight hundred three hundred eighteen nine US dollars to python developers, which is pretty great. If you ask me and I am definitely sure it is a way above then 150 thousand dollars in us as well. Right, but for now,
Let’s focus on how should I start how to you know, go about becoming a python developer. Obviously everything starts from Basics, right? You have to understand the fundamentals to reach to certain level. So first of all install python, go ahead type on Google install python, right? You’ll go to their official website.
You’ll find lot of lot of things out there. I can actually show you that let me just open it. So if you click on install python, you’ll be directed to this website download python here. Just select the version select the OS that you are using
And you are good to go right choosing an ID is a you know, it varies from person to person. I prefer pycharm. You can also download python. Let me just take you to one more link. download pycharm you’ll be directed to a jetbrains website and here we go so
This is go ahead click on the community version because the professional version is you know you have to pay some amount for that right so go ahead click on the community version download it and it’s very cool guys because it gives you autocomplete features and a lot
Of other benefits as well you don’t have to manually go and install the libraries using CMD you can just go ahead use Python and do it right choosing an IDs done a simple hello world program Right. So I’ve already installed python. I have Pi term.
I’m just going to show you how easy it is to write code in Python, right? So, let me just quickly open my by charm and all I will do here is print. Hello world. All right. I just have to click and select The Interpreter as well. Let me just go to the settings.
I’ll just go to The Interpreter. This top to select The Interpreter and we are good to go. Now, let’s go ahead and try executing again. It is again saying that you haven’t selected an interpreter. I just did that’s weird. Let’s see if I can see there is
An interpreter just waiting to minutes to process. Let’s just wait for that and we’ll go back to our slides till then and will continue. So I’ll tell you how to execute a simple hello world program get just give me like five minutes after that. Let’s see what we have next year.
So we are going to talk about little bit about the basics. So obviously as I’ve told you earlier as well to become a python developer to become data scientists or or Euro to go to a revel in your in your career you have to start everything from Basics right
So we have talked or EV all we already talked about how you can install python how you can install python IDE which is pycharm right now let’s talk about what are the basics that you actually need to learn now people who are from a programming background can easily understand this but people
Who are not let’s just focus on them so variables and data types you need to understand how to declare variables how to bother the different types of of variables that we can declare so they are numeric variables that there can be you know list couple sets dictionaries
All those data types you need to study there is a separate tutorial on all of these you can go ahead and check out that in the python playlist but for now let’s focus here what I’m talking about then we have functions exceptions and input/output operations how you input /output operations basically mean
How you can open a file how you can delete the file how you can give our input to the programming language right if My input something the user wants to input some variable value, right? So input/output operations plus how to open close files delete files
Are certain things append certain things in a file. So all those things apart from that exception handling, right? What about 1×0 of some some term like that comes which has no answer right? So how will you handle those exceptions that will be covered and exception handling there are functions
Which are nothing but useful code blocks, right so that you don’t have to again and again right the same thing right if you have for example if you want to calculate All ten times in a program you don’t have to write the logic 10 times. You can write a function
And execute it 10 times just an example guys, then Loops control statements and conditional statements which are very important. Right? I am pretty sure you guys know what our Loops right? If you have a set of you know, if there’s a logic that you want to repeat again
And again and you have a condition defined then you can go ahead and use Loops for that. Right? So there are different types of loop there is there is a while loop right? There is a for Loop and yeah. They’re nested Loops as well. We’re inside one Loop.
You can Define one more Loop condition statement if L if if statement, so if a particular condition is true execute this if it is not then execute the next statement. So those kind of things are called conditional statements data structures. Then you have hoops Concepts what oops Concepts basically, you know,
Your polymorphism encapsulation classes objects how to declare them. What are Global variables, you know, all those things that it’s basically a very vast field hoops, and it is very very important and python is one of those programming languages which have object-oriented as well as procedural Concepts, right and file handling.
I’ve just told you in the beginning itself how to open close delete add append all those operations with a file right how you can do that with the help of python, right? So now let me just go ahead open my pycharm and again and I’ll execute that hello world program.
So I think Kobe can execute it now just a second guys it is just indexing right now or how about I go ahead and create one more python file let us name it as test and I’ll type here rent hello world and here we go yep
So with one line of code I can do this try doing that in Java So guys that was a very simple hello world program that I’ve written. There are separate tutorials. I’m again and again telling you guys. All right. So now let’s talk about the job roles,
Which I’m pretty sure everyone is waiting for it. Next we have job rules as I was as I was mentioning. So there are software engineers and developers writes. These people might be writing apis for your web app right there. These people might be, you know, helping with mobile application.
These might be mobile application developer web application development. Those right so basically what or desktop GUI developers or game developers all those people, right? So what sort of skills, you know Industries look for and in such a for such a profile, right? So code python Basics,
Right which I’ve just mentioned at the beginning where I was talking about data types variables functions Hoops Concepts file handling conditional statements Loops control statements all those things right apart from that. You need to have basic knowledge about the web. I’m works right object relational mappers restful apis.
You need to understand all these terms guys. I cannot go into detail of all of these terms, but just to give you a knowledge. Basically you need to understand how the web works. You should you should know the basics of web front-end back-end and you should be aware about of libraries
Such as Django and flask which are very famous python libraries for web application development. Right database knowledge is a must because where is your data? Anyway going after you know, somebody does any sort of activity on it. They’ll go to a database. Right? So that database knowledge is very important
For any developer out there in the market when a topic of talk about script writing. So scripting is a little bit different than programming, right? So scripting basically is suppose. I want to execute 7 program sequential e, right. So what I can do is I can write a script
That can execute those seven programs in an order that I have defined, right? So it basically automates a lot of tasks right in this case. I can write a script that will automatically take my data. And you know create a schema and store in the database. So the load of other things
That you can do with a particular script, right? So just wanted to tell you the difference between a scripting and programming and I hope you I hope you have understood what you need to understand what you need to learn. What are the skills required in order to become a developer
Whether you are a web application developer or any sort of developer, right? Let’s move forward guys and let’s see which is the job role. We are going to focus on next. So we’re going to talk about A python web developer, right? We just spoke about a developer
A web developer like in the previous slide as well. So here it’s all about, you know, understanding the web HTML CSS Django flask MVC mvt architecture model view controller template. So these are all things that you need to understand right? I mean, these are few things which you will know
Once you start going and researching in that particular field, right database knowledge as I’ve told you it It is a must for any sort of developer. Right script writing is also very important because without scripting guys, there’s no automation. Right any automation tool that you use round also uses script, right?
So just to clear the doubt, you know, scripting is also very very important right now. Let’s see which dobro we are going to focus on next. Alright, so a data scientist sexiest job of the 21st century right now. What do you need to learn to become a data scientist?
What scales are Industries looking for in a data scientist? So you definitely require core skills write code python skills, which have just discussed mathematics and statistics is the code or you can say the foundation of a person who wants to become data scientist. That is very very important is these fundamental topics are
Very very important guys in people generally ignore them, right? So basically, Programming core python skills mathematics and statistics apart from that you also require skills, like, you know data visualization data wrangling you might have to clean the data before processing it right. Then there’s a scale called ed8 Data exploratory data analysis
Where you just figure out you just look at the data understand the data what it is talking about. What should I predict what I can’t predict which grows are useful for me which columns a useless for me. Can I subtract a couple of columns in come up with the new column
That might be more useful for me. So these are the things that you know, you should have that it only comes with experience and that’s how it works apart from that a very important skill is machine learning and artificial intelligence. So you need to be very, you know, you need to understand all
The machine learning algorithms. You need to understand where I can use which sort of a machine learning algorithm and if you want you might come up with a different algorithm is with So how you can achieve that with python? So if it’s python there
Are a lot of libraries that you can work on. So there’s a library called pandas which is Euro for creating data frame. So you can import any sort of data with the help of Partners whether it’s a tsv file CSV file Excel file doesn’t matter. You can import that data.
You can perform basic operations joining concatenation merging any sort of operation. Then you have numpy because python does not support anything called arrays. There’s no there’s nothing cool air is right. So there are numpy array is that you need to create with the help of numpy package? Right.
So any sort of Matrix operation you can perform the help of number. So I get learner is in the library used for machine learning. So it has predefined methods for different algorithms whether it is KN K means all those algorithms. There are there are predefined functions or methods in this particular library
That you can use and very cool feature about this libraries that it comes with sample data set so you can practice those data sets you can you can Practice those datasets the way you want. I mean you getting data sets guys. You don’t have to download it.
What else you what else do you want? So I’ve just received a very good comment. The explanation is very good and helpful. Thank you mumtaz. Is it easy to learn – Ravi ready? Well, let me tell you this is the easiest programming language that I’ve ever come across. Okay.
So should have already has one more questions. I am fresher to Learn Python. Is it useful in future, please tell me Well python is growing at A very very, you know at a very good rate you I just showed you the graph of stack Overflow python is very it’s in demand right now
And whether it is any domain python is useful and definitely it will take over all the other languages in another five years, right because of the kind of community that they have in the kind of packages that they come with right. So let’s move forward guys.
So now we’re going to talk about data analyst right? So data analyst is someone who understands Theta and who understand a lot of things who understand the entire data lifecycle who can take care of data wrangling who can take care of data exploratory analysis, right all those things
But they have only implemented simple linear regression models, right they you know are not aware of those complex algorithms or some neural networks and some complex machine learning algorithm which can be unsupervised for example k-means so they build prediction model simple regression models, you know sales forecasting and things like that.
They are very good with data manipulation and they have the scale which is very important and it is called as data driven problem solving approach so you need to understand you know what sort of approach should I take for this particular data and that only comes with experience right
So that’s how things work because you know you cannot just apply one algorithm to all the data sets that are there in the market right you need to figure out what sort of a problem is it is it a clustering problem is it a
You know all those things are basically I don’t want to go into too much detail here but that’s what a data analyst is right So, let’s see emerging job role. So Ai, and ml engineer artificial intelligence or more properly also called as machine learning and generous.
These people are not bothered about data pre-processing. They get the good data. They get the data where they have to predict something. It might be a regression problem where they’re predicting something. It might be a clustering problem where they might be clustering different people, right? It might be a classification problem
Where they’re classifying whether the given Input is X or Y right so that’s what the major job role of machine learning engineer or an AI engineer is so they require programming skills data science skills and machine learning, right? So that is what basically an AI am L engineer
Should have right apart from that neural networks is what people are talking about right now is it is a buzzword in the industry and it takes machine Learning To The Next Step and it is called Deep learning. I cannot go into detail here. I hope you guys can understand
But deep learning is very very interesting eyes. And there are a lot of libraries that python has for deep learning one. It’s tensorflow. Right and it is a it is given to us by Google. So I hope you guys trust Google right? So, you know, it’s it’s it’s a very good library
And I find it pretty interesting. The I have separate tutorials on tensorflow is will write I have worked on tensorflow so you can go ahead and check out my videos. Next is python automation testing. so what is python automation testing is basically you know you’re using okay let’s talk about selenium
Because I can see only selenium in the slide so selenium you can write scripts in Python using selenium right you can perform functional testing basically you know testing login of any website testing any feature whether it’s login whether it’s search engine or any sort of feature
Whether the link is clickable the button is working all sort of functional testing or you can say user acceptance testing can We’re done with the help of python in a very automated fashion. Next is a deep learning engineer. So deep learning engineering focuses mainly on neural network.
So he’ll need to understand different types of neural networks. Whether it’s a recurrent neural network. It can be a convolutional neural network. It can be RBM autoencoders, you know fully connected networks or single layer multi-layer perceptron, so they should be they should have that thing where they can understand
All these different types of networks and have good experience in working on applications such as video processing image processing. Your division, you know speech to text text to speech image recognition. So how do you think that the Facebook Auto attack feature works, right? So it works with the help of deep learning only
Right and Right, so that’s how that’s how it is. Now comes the roadmap guys. Okay, so I have you know, I’ll talk about each and each and every job role one by one. So how you can master code python. So what you need to understand you need to learn variables
And data types file handling exception handling Hoops concept data structures. I Traders generators writes these type of things where basics of programming you need to understand right then. Well, let’s talk about master web Frameworks. So Django or flask whatever you prefer. 8T Cantor is basically 4 gy base the web apps, right?
Then we have MVC MVC architecture that is basically model view controller and template that you need to understand HTML CSS is a must for any web developer gets right. It’s there’s no rocket science. ER I think people should be aware about it that web developers have to learn HTML CSS.
Okay, just a second towards data science. If you want to go start a sticks applied math data visualization analysis, basically any sort of data manipulation. You need to understand that on top of it. You need to understand machine learning and you have you know, python libraries to make your life easy machine learning
And artificial intelligence. You need to be very good with the machine learning algorithms understand, you know libraries like scikit-learn tensorflow probability and statistics. You should be very good with From that neural networks and deep learning if you are looking to become a neural network deep learning engineer, right? So deep learning again.
There is a neural network architecture that you need to understand some machine learning and deep learning. There’s a very thin line here but deep learning is nothing but an advanced machine learning, right so don’t get confused here. Both are the subsets of artificial intelligence. Right artificial intelligence is an umbrella term which
Encompasses machine learning and deep learning together. So this is though. I don’t want you to guy. I don’t want you guys to be confused about it. I mean, it’s very easy to understand machine learning. The next step after machine learning is deep learning which Neural networks. It’s nothing but Advanced machine learning.
And opencv for computer vision web scraping with bs4 predictions models Etc is what you should be knowing. The opencv is basically a library, which is used for computer vision again, I have a separate tutorial and opencv as well. So you guys can check that out apart
From that web scraping is nothing but scraping data or collecting data from different websites web pages that you can easily do right and prediction models is I think you guys are already aware of Let’s take a quick look at why you should consider learning python. Well guys python is a general-purpose language,
But it has a wide range of applications ranging from web development scientific and mathematical Computing and even design your own graphical user interfaces. So you can make use of Django and bottle for web development. You can make use of numpy and sympathy for mathematical computations
And you can design your own games using pi game as well and so much more guys and Also, the syntax of the language is really really clean and the length of the cord is relatively short. It’s fun to walk in Python because it allows you to think about the problem
Rather than focusing on the syntax itself guys and every Fortune 500 company that exists today uses python in one way or the other guys, you don’t even have to do any digging to know this fact. And again, as I said python is extremely popular among both the startups and established industry Giants
And programming in Python is really fun guys it’s easier to understand and write python code again why because the syntax feels natural guys and on that note let us come to the main agenda of the session which is to help you all to install and
Setup python let us begin so guys to begin with and install python the easiest way is to come to the official documentation page and go about from there so here I have opened up the official python.org page and we are in the download section of the page as you can check the URL
Where at python or Ork /downloads / Windows guys since this tutorial is mainly focused on installing python for Windows we are here guys just in case if you had to install a Linux or something the steps are quite different from what we do for Windows however coming back the latest Python
3 version releases python three point seven point two and the latest python to release is two point seven point one five well based on your requirement and you needs at this point of time you should already know which version of python that you should use and just in case
If you Don’t you can actually install both of these versions python 2 and Python 3 into your machine and go bar from there as well guys. Well, as you can check out three point seven point two is the latest version of python at the time that this session was curated guys.
So basically we need to go and download this from the official site. Well, all you need to do is click on the latest release version there and we’ll take you to the download section desk. However, the first section is actually all of the changes
And the new features added in Python 3 point 7, and there are multiple documentation you are as well. So basically See, this is all the change log of this particular version of python guys. Well, all you need to do at this point of time is to scroll down
To the file section and then search for Windows out here. Well, as you can see there are multiple versions to install right? So you actually get an embeddable zip file which is actually a zip file where you have to unzip it and then install it manually
Or you actually have an executable installer guys, and if you can notice there are two versions here as well. One is the 32-bit version and the other one is 64 bit version guys will basically you need to know if your machine is either running a 32-bit version of Windows or a 64-bit version
Of Windows guys but however do note that the 32-bit version is actually backwards compatible with 64-bit as well so what I mean by that is in case if you have a 64-bit machine you can still go ahead and install python 32 bit and it would work absolutely fine but
If you have a 32-bit windows then you will not be allowed to install the 64-bit version guys I hope I’m clear with that and now that you would be familiar with your particular version of Windows both are actually of the same install our as well well as soon as you go ahead
And download it and basically all you need to do is open it later guys giving it an administrative privileges is a choice but then it is always recommended so as soon as you run it as an admin you’ll be greeted with the following screen guys
So basically it’s telling me the python version right now and it is automatically selected 64-bit version for my machine guys so basically you can actually customize installation at this point you can choose the location and the features you need as well and all
Of that one main thing that I want you guys to do is Make sure that this particular option is checked. It says add python 3.72 the path. I will let you know why this is really important. But just make sure to check this at this point guys.
And all you need to do is hit install now and python is ready in your machine guys will basically as you can already see that it says that a program called Idol is also installed with it. Right? So Idol is nothing but a graphical user interface,
Which is used to work with python guys. So let me quickly open up idle to show you what it actually is. Well, as you can check out it is basically a python 3.7 shell guys. So here you can actually type out anything that you want. So let us say printer. Hello, Ed, Eureka.
As soon as I hit enter that is executed, right? So basically you can run any of the Python programs here as well. So let me go ahead and do another hex equal to 10 print X into 2. So X into 2 is basically 10 into 20 and that is good. Right.
So basically provides a GUI for python guys as simple as that, but do know that if you actually have a Windows machine there is a very good chance that python might already come installed on your machine guys. However, there is one more thing. That you need to do.
Well that is to actually check out your environment variable guys. So basically you need to right click on my computer and go to properties guys and in properties, you need to go to Advanced system settings and environment variables and here you need to check if the path of the user variable
Actually points to your python installation location guys. So this is basically why we had to have the check box during the installation. Well, if this is not the case in you have to manually come here and add the path in the system variable guys. So why is this required?
I’m pretty sure you guys could have already guessed it at this point, but let me quickly go over and show you a demo. Let me open up my command prompt and if python is in my path, as soon as I hit python it is supposed to open up the interpreter and be ready
For me to execute commands guys. And since I already have the path established it is actually done. So it is as simple as this guy’s well installing python is actually pretty straightforward and simple but let me quickly push you on another concept right? Well, so next up
On the session will actually check out the different. Development environments available for python guys. Well python has a large supporting community and there are numerous active forums online which can be handy. If you’re stuck anywhere guys, well at Ed Eureka, we have a vast Community for python lots of blogs
And these amazing videos created by our subject matter experts as well. So make sure to check them out. Alright, so we have multiple development environments for python guys. So we have pider for Eclipse. We have pycharm. We have notepad plus plus and Bluefish for you all my Users as well.
We have Komodo and whim to Guys these are some of the many IEDs that’s out there that you can develop code in. Well, I suggest you use something that you’re comfortable with and then go from there guys. Well choosing an IDE is like choosing an ice cream flavor.
You need to first try it out practically and see if it suits your needs perfectly. If it does then go ahead and make use of it guys. Well personally in my case. It has been a long journey with python guys. I have tried multiple IDs and I have a personal liking towards pycharm.
It is really simple and amazing to work with and I’m sure a majority of the entire Community agrees with me when I say that pycharm is the number one IDE for python guys. Let’s talk about how you can write a simple hello world program in Python
Or before talking about a simple hello world program. Let me talk about the python interpreter or python is also a piece of software called an interpreter. Interpreter is the program. You’ll need to run the python code and scripts. Technically The Interpreter is a layer of software that works between your program
And your computer hardware to get your code running now depending upon the python implementation that you are using The Interpreter can be when you’re writing a program in C. It’s going to be C Python and if you’re writing the program in Java, it’s going to be J python or jython.
And then we have a program written in Python itself. Then we have y pi and for the program implemented in.net there is going to to be ironpython as The Interpreter. So whatever form The Interpreter takes the code you write will always be run by this program.
So therefore the first condition to be able to run Python scripts or Python program is to have The Interpreter correctly installed on your system. Now The Interpreter is able to run python code in two different ways, which is basically as a script
Or a module and the next one is as a piece of code, which is typed into an interactive session. So talking about the hello world program guys in Python if you To write a simple hello world program. It’s very easy. You just have to write a print statement and inside the print statement.
You just have to specify the string which is hello world inside the inverted commas. So let’s take it up to the command prompt guys, which I have opened the interactive session already. So to print the hello world program. What I’ll do is I’ll just mention hello world
Over here as a string inside the Commerce. And when I press enter it is going to show me the output as hello world. So this is as easy as it looks guys, so This is how you run a simple hello world program in Python. The syntax is pretty easy
Since it is Python Programming and one of the Salient features of python is the easy syntax. So what you have to do is just write a print statement and inside the print statement. We have written a string which is hello world inside the inverted commas.
So now that we are done with how we can write a hello world program in Python. Let’s see how we will run it using a DOT py file and other different approaches as well guys. So I’ll exit from here now. Okay, let me open Idol guys,
Which is what you get when you install python guys, so I’ll make a file which is a new file, of course, so I’ll just write print hello world over here. Now I’ll save it guys so I’ll save it on desktop and I’ll just write it as Hello dot p y
So this is going to be my DOT py file guys. So now when I run this I am getting the output as hello world. So this is how you run py file in idle guys. So this is the python shell guys. So to print the same thing,
I’ll just write hello and you recall learner. Let’s see what is going to happen now. Okay now when I This it’s going to show me that the string that I have provided over here. Now one more thing. I want to show you guys when I open my desktop over here.
I have a file which is demo and hello as well. So these are my DOT py file extension guys. So to run it and using the command prompt, what I have to do is I’ll just write python over here and mention the file that I have saved using the dot py file extension
And you will see that okay, we are not in the same directory as so you have to make sure you should be in the direction. Every where your file is actually saved, so now when I run Python and mention the file name, I’m getting the output as hello world now.
I’m check the file. I checked the file over here. As you can see I’m getting the output over here. So this is how you actually execute a DOT py file guys and a DOT PDF file is nothing but a simple file which has a python code
And it is saved with an extension dot P Y which contains the code or the script guys. We always like to have options in everything but choosing the best among them especially in case of ideas gets confusing. So if you have any issues regarding Here is the top 10 best ideas
For python help you narrow down on the most suitable one for you. So before we begin just to make sure you subscribe to our Channel and hit the Bell icon to stay updated with all the latest editor acre videos moving on towards the session. We shall first begin with understanding
What exactly is an IDE and the basic features of it following that we shall take a look at the top 10 best ideas for Python and the factors that need to be in mind before selecting one of these so without Out any further dues, let’s move ahead straight away to learn
What exactly is an IDE guy’s ID e stands for integrated development environment. It’s a graphical user interface web programmers write their code and produce their final products and IDE basically unifies all essential tools required for software development and testing this in turn helps the programmer to maximize his output now that you know,
What is an IDE, let’s move on to see what are the basic features of an ID. many of us do not know the difference between code editors and IDs code editors are applications that are able to write and manipulate source code they can either be Standalone applications or can be integrated
Into ID he’s the only feature a code editor should support is being able to edit text on the other hand and IDE is a complete environment where you can create software applications in addition to code editors IDs also have other features such as syntax highlighting which is used to Mark the syntax
Of the base language in different colors and fonts the auto completion feature is designed to minimize the time consumption a debugger is available which is required to test and debug the source code IDE is also consists of compilers now these are tools that translate source code from one language
To another finally IDE is can either be language-specific or may have support for multiple languages the choice relies on the user to single out and embrace the ideas of This choice now that you know basic features of an IDE, let’s move on to see what are the top 10 best ideas for python
At opposition 10 is Idle. It’s a cross-platform open-source IDE, which comes as a default implementation along with python and it’s written completely in python as well. It’s name is presumed to be in honor of Eric idle who’s one of the founding members of Monty Python. This IDE is considered to be extremely suitable
For the education industry due to With Simplicity, it also provides special features such as availability of a python shell with syntax highlighting a multi window text editor program animation or stepping which refers to executing one line of code at a time breakpoints are available to ease the debugging
And the call stack is clearly visible at position 9 is Thani. This is an idea that was developed for beginners. It provides step-by-step assistance to the programmer. It has separate windows that are provided to secured function calls line numbers are available to the user to keep track of each line log
Of the user actions is available so as to assist the user in future statement stepping without breakpoints is also possible moving on towards the next IDE which takes the eighth slot is Adam Adam is an open-source cross-platform IDE built using web Technologies Adam is based on the electron framework
Which is built by GitHub it also provides some remarkable features such as support for third-party packages and themes so as to form at the editor Adams APM allows installation and management of packages it also provides support for a number of languages other than python such as C C++
Java Etc Adam also consists of an exception reporting package at the 7th place is Eric python Eric python is an open-source cross-platform IDE which is written completely in Python its source code is available freely And can be studied and recreated by anybody some of the quality features provided by Eric python are formattable
Window layout formattable syntax highlighting code folding, which is selectively showing or hiding some part of your code. It is also furnished with a class browser and has built-in support for unit. Testing and Django at the sixth position is Wing this cross-platform IDE was created by Wing where it is a lightweight IDE
And designed to allow quick programming. It comes in three variants namely Wing Pro Wing personal and wing 101 Wing Pro is a professional version which is priced somewhere between 95 $279 Wing personal and wing 101 on the other hand are simplified free versions that are available for students and
Beginners Wing provides special features such as automatic multi-process and child process debugging remote debug process is possible. It also has a module browser and allows refactoring which is a process. Structuring existing computer code it also provides Auto completion feature for non python files as well. Now, let’s move on towards Sublime Text
Which stands at the fifth position guys Sublime Text is a cross-platform IDE priced at $80. It is developed and C++ and python in addition to python it provides support for other languages as well. The features of this IDE can be enhanced using plugins the go
To anything feature allows quick access to files symbols or lines its command palette provides robust matching for keyboard invocations python-based plug-in apis are supported. This idea also allows simultaneous editing and the preferences can be made project-specific at position. 4 is Rodeo Rodeo is an open-source cross-platform IDE built in particular for machine learning
And data science Rodeo makes it very convenient to load and compare data. It also allows data experimentation and is This to it bites and tutorials to guide the users. It also provides cheat sheets for material reference files and packet search is made very easy. Rodeo is a simple
And a lightweight Ide at the third slot is pydev. This is an open-source cross-platform third party package with serves as a plug-in for Eclipse which in turn enables it for python development pydev provides a remote debugger. We’re in the files, which are not launched in Eclipse can be debugged it also.
It’s the code folding feature. So as to selectively hide or display sections of code, it provides support for python 2X and 3X syntax. The auto edit feature can automatically edit the parentheses at self parameter to the class methods and can also add import keyword in the import lines standing
At number 2 spider is an open-source cross-platform IDE designed mainly for data analysis and scientists. It’s considered to be a powerful scientific development IDE. Didn’t invite in spider is integrated with many Scientific Python libraries such as sci-fi numpy matplotlib pandas Etc pertaining to its scientific use spider provides Advanced support
For editing analysis and data exploration. It also allows static code analysis where in the analysis is performed without actually executing the code the features of this IDE can be expanded further through plug-in system and API the IDE that takes the top slot and is at position number one is my personal favorite pycharm.
It was developed by the Zeke company jetbrains and it’s a cross-platform IDE. It comes in two versions where in the community version is free and the professional version is priced at $199 per user pycharm is considered to be one of the best ideas and also the most widely used because of
Its remarkable features such as specialized project views allowing quick switching between files it also facilitates. it’s a web development along with Django flask and web 2 pi pycharm is equipped with more than thousand plugins so programmers can write their own plugins to extend its features 81
Of the top hundred companies make use of pycharm before ending the session let me just help you guys to narrow down on the best idea that suitable for you before choosing an IDE keep the following points in mind the level of expertise of the programmer the type of industry or sector
Where python is being used the ability to buy commercial versions or stick to the free ones the kind of software being developed and the need to integrate with other languages once these points are decided upon the programmer can easily select among the ideas which we have discussed earlier
Based on the given features So no exactly on that note. Let us start checking out pycharm. So guys many programmers nowadays op for python to build software application, right? So they need the code to be concise clean and readable as well. They can even accelerate custom software application development by actually taking advantage
Of the number of ID is supported for python. Well a company called jetbrains has actually developed by charm as a cross-platform IDE for python in addition to supporting versions. Dew point x + 3 .6 of python pycharm is also compatible with Windows Linux and even Mac OS
And at the same time the tools and the features provided by pycharm helps programmers to write a variety of software applications in Python very quickly and efficiently guys. So the developers can even customize the pycharm UI according to their specific needs and preferences also, they can extend the ID by choosing over.
I think they are on 50 plugins as well to meet their complex. Project requirements. So again, it is a win-win for everyone starting from the beginner to the advanced user as well. So pycharm is one of the most widely used IDs for Python Programming as I mentioned at present python.
IDE is being used by all of the large Enterprises like Twitter or VF Pinterest. We have HP, we have semantic and even group on guys. So this is really a good thing in terms of Industry traction. So now that that’s done we need to check out why pycharm is so popular.
I’m sure you guys were thinking about about this right? So let me quickly walk you through all of the features and the tools provided by pycharm guys. So first we look at the features and later. We’ll move to the tools. So the first important tool we have is the code editor guys.
So what is the code editor feature? So basically the intelligent code editor provided by pycharm enables all of us programmers to write say high-quality python code directly guys. So the editor enables programs to read code easily through their different color schemes. Set indents On You lines automatically pick the appropriate coding style
And Avail context-aware code completion as well. And at the same time the programmers can also use the editor to expand the code block to an expression or logical block. They can also Avail code Snippets format the code identify the errors and misspellings as well. They can even detect duplicate code
And auto generate code to also the editor makes it easier for developers to basically analyze the code on the whole and Identify the errors while writing the code guys now that was an important feature, right? So next one. I want to talk about is code navigation guys.
So the smart code navigation options provided by pycharm basically help the programmers to edit and improve the code without putting any extra effort or time. The ID basically makes it easier for the programmers to go to a class or a file assemble and go along to the Declarations
Invoked from a particular reference as well. And the user can even find an item in. Source code or the code snippet UI element or a user action almost immediately. So basically they can further locate usage of various symbols and set benchmarks in the code. And also at the same time
The developers can even take advantage of the code navigation feature to scrutinize the code throughout lie in this Mode called as the lens mode guys. So next up we have refactoring. Well pycharm definitely makes it easier for the developers to implement both local and Global changes really quickly and efficiently guys.
So the developers can even take advantage of the refactoring options provided by the IDE while writing plane python code and working with python Frameworks. They can Avail the rename and move factoring for files glasses functions methods, you’ll properties parameters and local and Global variables as well. Also likewise,
They can improve the code quality by extracting variables Fields constants and even parameters also pycharm allows programmers to break up longer classes and methods. Through the extract method. So next up is support for web Technologies guys python makes it easier for programmers to write various web applications in Python. So python basically supports
Technologies like HTML CSS JavaScript typescript and even coffeescript, right? So the web developers can basically use the live editing preview options provided by the ID to view a single web page simultaneously in the editor as well as the browser. So this same time the live edit feature provided
By the Enables programmers to see the changes made to the code instantaneously on a web browser pycharm further allows developers to Avail a JavaScript debugger as well as coffeescript and typescript editors as well do know that it even simplifies isomorphic web application development as well. And this is done
Because it supports both angularjs and node.js guys. So the last feature is support for python scientific libraries. So guys pycharm further helps programmers to use Python more efficiently in in big data and data science projects as well. So it supports some of the widely used scientific libraries for python starting
From numpy and a condom and matplotlib as well. So the developers can work efficiently with all of these scientific libraries by availing the interactive graphs deep code inside even array viewers provided by the IDE. They can even run the repl python console provided by pycharm to Avail robust features, like on the fly
If syntax check and code inspection as well. and at the same time programmers can also integrate the ID seamlessly with the IPython notebook to create innovative solutions without putting extra time and effort as well so that is a really good Advantage as well right so now that we’re done with the features let
Me quickly walk you through the important tools while all these tools definitely give python the upper hand so let’s check it out so the first one will be checking out is database Tools in addition to supporting various python libraries and Frameworks pycharm allows developers to work with a number of
Relational databases including Oracle SQL Server MySQL and even postgresql as well so the developers can further use the ID to run the queries edit the SQL code browse data alter table data even analyze the schemas as well well guys pycharm further supports SQL Alchemy library and inject SQL code into code
Which is written in various programming languages as well the professional edition of the ID further makes it easier for the developer Purse to hide a large volumes of data efficiently through the data grids and next we have visual debugger. So guys the visual debugger provided by the IDE basically
Helps the programmers to debug python JavaScript and Django code directly. The developers can use the inline debugger to see live debugging data directly on the editor likewise, they can build multiple python processes simultaneously and step through the code bypassed libraries as well bite some further creates reusable and customizable.
Duration for each test script or debugger execution. The user can have an option to facilitate a remote debugging by integrating the visual debugger with the remote interpreters directly and the next feature we have is built-in terminal. Well guys pycharm comes with a local terminal for Windows Linux and Mac as well.
So the built-in terminal basically enables the programmers to continue the code and test without ever leaving the IDE. Also the programmers can use the ID to basically run the python files and configured. Still biting environments. Well, well this is done according to the precise project requirements as well. So that’s good.
And at the same time they can run interactive python or Django consoled directly into the IDE and the console provides useful features, like code completion automatic braces management and Dynamics and text change the programmers even have an option to integrate the console with both local and remote interpreters.
So the terminal is really big Advantage guys and next up. We have software testing. So like any other IDs pycharm also comes with features and tools to simplify python application testing. It allows developers to perform unit testing through popular python, testing framework, like knows a tests and Doc tests as well.
So the testers even have an option to run individual or multiple test files and test classes guys. They can further integrate the IDE with coverage dot py to measure the code coverage while testing the applications as well and while testing multi-threaded applications the testers And use
A Ted concurrency visualization option provided by the ID to control the application fully and efficiently at the same time pycharm enables users to deliver high-quality software by implementing behavior-driven development guys in short. We actually call this as bdd and lastly we have remote development capabilities guys
Pycharm allows developers to connect with various machines and build software applications remotely. The programmers can Avail the built-in SSH console provided by the idea to basically connect to machines and perform various development tasks remotely through SSH so they can even run debug and profile the python applications in a remote environment
By replacing the local interpreter with that of the remote interpreter and also pycharm enables programmers to create reproducible development environments through a robust tool called as vagrant guys and this basically simplifies distributed application development. And this is done using Docker the users even have the option
To Item seamlessly with issue tracking systems as well. So in my opinion that has enough of knowing what it offers. So let us Dive Right into pycharm now and I’ll walk you through the interface. Let me open up IH am so guys. This is probably the first screen that pycharm greets you with.
So on the left here, you will basically have all of the codes that you have actually worked with or any other recent projects that are opened. I have a quite so I have a handful of projects right here. So basically this might be blank for you
If you’re installing pycharm for the first time. And there is installing pycharm is very simple. So it is free and the installation is extremely straightforward as well. So all you need to do is go to the official website and it’s a single step download procedure.
I already have it installed on my machine as you can see. So first let’s go ahead and create a new project in pycharm guys. So all you need to do is hit create new project on the right side and give a name for the project.
So let me just type it out as pycharm test. And then for now you might not have the python interpreter. I’ll just come back to this sofa. Let me just hit create and let pycharm take us to the or UI. So basically it has created the project folder for us
As you can check out on the left and it is blanket and this part actually queries all this skeleton procedure. And this is the time where it actually sort of for scroll through and checks all of the installed packages. And also it probably will take a while
And you could actually catch it rotating somewhere here guys. So this is good. So let us quickly go and create a new python file that we can write into so click new news cards file. What? Type of file we trying to do here sea bass.
So the file we’re trying to do is python here, right so that and you can write in different languages as well. So basically you can use x HTML XML HTML the DTD command line as well. So right now since we’re doing python, let me quickly go ahead and type in Python.
So as you can see we have a scratch file, which is a scratch not py guys so you can basically right-click refactor and rename this to whatever you want. But since this is just a demo I’ll leave it at scratch. So then there are multiple options to With this value,
But if you want to get started really simple just follow all the procedure until now to create a scratch file and later. You need to add the configuration to actually use Python to run this guy’s so we click on ADD configuration. Click on the tiny plus icon Python,
And then we don’t have any configurations, right? So let me name this test config and then the script path the script path basically is providing the past to the particular script. So it’s pycharm test and then as soon as we come into the environment, Dormant here is where we will be actually checking
Out our interpreter guys. So I have multiple versions of python installed as you can see. I have three point seven and I have 3.6 is well, so there is a very good chance that this might not show for you because you have not installed Python
And it is very simple to install pipes in guys. So I’ll just show you that in a second. So this is the part where we actually select our interpreter 3.7 and all we need to do is okay. So this is actually ready to execute with our test configuration guys.
So now coming back to on how you can install python. okay so basically we open file settings and in settings we actually come to project by jump test case so click on the project interpreter and on the right side you can actually check out The Interpreter
So basically we have multiple interpreters you are and for this case I’m going to use mini conda 3 and that is what I’ve used so for your case if you have not installed it so go to the gear icon on the right and click add sure you can actually use the system interpreter
Which has Python and days so in my case I’ve installed it using an knock on door so it says Anaconda so make sure you click this and hit OK and you’re done this so apply so now that all that is done right so how can we add all the packages to python
Not everything comes in built right so again go to file settings is pretty much almost same day so we go to The Interpreter and then we have the packages tab under this so basically we use the gear icon to actually check out our interpreter now check out all the list we have based
So basically these are all of the packages that are installed for my particular case so these are All of the libraries that are installed guys, so in case if you need to add a library hit on the plus icon on the right side, so this type in any of the libraries
That you require right? So there are multiple installed as well. As you can see whatever is in blue is actually installed if I just type in tensorflow, it says already installed, but then it won’t be in blue for you because you might have not installed this right. So click on that install package
On the left side and you’re good to go how simple is it guys? So now that we’re actually all set up and we’re waiting in a scratch file. So let me quickly. Walk you through a tiny code snippet and we can check out the advantages here as well.
So guys, let me try to quickly import a package here and not even going to type the entire thing. Right? So I just basically typed out the first three letters I MP and it is actually prompting me to pick up the entire thing. Right? So this is basically how intellisense walks
And visual studio. And this is all the intelligence of pycharm guys. So it is at this point of time. You can actually choose to type in the entire thing like ort or you can just again come back I MP and then you realize
That you To use import so all we need to do is either hit enter or you can hit tab as well and it takes the entire thing. So this definitely helps reduce a lot of time by providing good predictions, right? So this was just basically one line of codes.
So imagine if you have to write hundreds and thousands of lines of code, then this is definitely a lifesaver in my opinion. So next I’m going to actually try importing a package. That’s a pie game. So import pygame come to the new line
So you can check out everything is grayed out here, right? So we can actually change the color by making sure we actually use something right. So let me quickly go and buy game dot in it. For example, as you can see the color change, right? So this is basically telling us
That by game is being used now simple as that and next. This is another actually good tip for you guys. So let me quickly take an example. I will to 10 I’m going to print I so as you can already guess this is not very complex code, right?
So it is going to print I As soon as I run this piece of code, I am supposed to get I printed to be like five times right? So check this out. This was only five times. So let’s say you have a piece of code where you have to change something, right?
So let me change this i2p quickly. And now that this has been changed to pee since this is a small program. I can probably go ahead and change this manually, right so I can go ahead and change this to BP again P1 more Sagan. It took like almost 20 seconds to do this
For five times, right? So imagine if someone Has to do this for thousands of lines of code, so it becomes really annoying. Right? And this is where another useful feature of pycharm helps us. So let me quickly select this p as you can see, this is selected. Every P here is highlighted, right?
So let me quickly right click on it go to refactor and then hit renamed. So let’s insert P. We wanted to biessed as soon as I hit refactor. Boom as you can check out, right? So the once this got changed everything else got changed
In just one click and this is also a lifesaver in my opinion. S so next up there are multiple keyboard shortcuts you can use as well. So basically it’s the same we can use Ctrl F to actually find something and then use it. Right. So this actually works even in scope as well.
So let’s say you’re in the scope of a function or a user-defined function or something and then you want to find something in that particular scope. So this particular search option actually works there as well. So basically with coding you would have done multiple changes, right?
So you would have done multiple changes with your programmer in case you just want to check out what are all the changes. Is that you have done? So we actually press alt shift + C to actually give us a list of changes that we have actually done check this out.
So these are all of the changes that we have actually done right? So we deleted something created on these cards file. So this basically goes in the reverse order guys. So this is definitely useful in case you actually want to step back or check out.
What are the changes that got done and then in case if you just want to print the same thing over and over again, you can do it as well. So let me quickly go ahead and type out Brent say Edgar a cow or Like These Guys these are all examples, right?
So do not bother about the exact syntax right now. I’m just trying to show you how pycharm works here. So basically in case I have to just hit this print again, so instead of typing it out or copying and pasting into something there is actually a short bit better.
I’m going to place the cursor here. I’m going to hit control D. So control D basically duplicate this entire line for us. And how cool is that guys? So guys the next feature. I want to show you guys is basically to select a current column. So let me just quickly select.
Ain’t your and then I’m going to use alt and actually scroll guys. I am not sure how you might actually use this but you can select the columnar output of it and maybe this might help for your particular requirement as right. So basically you can use it for iron tation
Of the code as well. And then this basically depends on your requirement, but this is a very good feature provided by pycharm guys. So basically to run this all you need to do is Select it or right click run scratch or say you can even click
The play icon here as well to debug it. There is a time. Bug icon on the right. So basically you just place the debugger wherever you want and you can actually stop execution at this particular point of time and later move on from there as well.
So guys, there are n number of features that pycharm offers and to keep the session simple. So I basically just showed you all of the tips and tricks that you can actually use with it. So guys on the whole pie item is one of the most popular ideas for python.
So the python programmers can make use of pycharm as licensed software as well. However, jetbrains allows developers to choose between in three distinct editions of the idea guys Community professional and educational the developers can always create a software development cost by opting for the community edition of pycharm.
However, the Community Edition is free, but it still lacks some of the advanced features provided by the professional editions case. So jetbrains have been updating both editions of the Python IDE to make programmers more productive and simplify custom software development as well. Let’s say for instance the professional edition of fights. Mm.
Mm 17.3 actually. Is it easier for developers to test functionalities of the API by providing a built-in rest client likewise, it accelerates the web application development by allowing programmers to Avail new features provided by Django 2.0 and also it allows developers to visualize and analyze the data
More efficiently through a data science model as well guys. So now that we checked out python in a really good amount of detail. Let me quickly conclude the session for you guys. So we started out by checking out what an ID is later.
We looked at why we need to make user ID followed by that. We actually looked at the different IDs you can make use of to code with python and lastly we checked out python in a small amount of detail guys. So it is at this point of time.
I like to tell you that we have in-depth tutorials and blogs on Python and even a complete master’s program, which will help you become a certified python expert days. So I highly suggest you guys check it out. Have you ever asked any
And I’m going to explain the code he wrote a year ago, or have you ever tried reading your own previously written code. It would become a very time-consuming and tiring task guys. If you had to reanalyze every block of code from scratch. Well, the best thing to do is add a comment.
So let’s just quickly move ahead and look at what’s in store under this topic firstly. We shall understand what exactly comments mean and when to use them then I’ll be showing you how to write comments in Python and how they’re going to be interpreted. It following that we will be looking
At the types of comments that is single line and multi-line comments and a few shortcuts related to them. And finally we will be looking at docstring comments or to be more precise docstrings as commence. So I hope you are clear with this moving on towards the first topic of the session
What are commands? No, they’re not something there just to increase the size of your code, but guys, they are indeed very meaningful comments our program a coherent statements. Describe what a block of code means and they get very useful, especially when you’re writing large blocks of code. Say for example,
You’ve developed some software previously. And now you’re working on something that’s new and completely different at this point of time. You find that your previous software is throwing some error you would have completely forgotten what you did and how so this is where comments come in to picture a good code actually
Consists of relevant comments. These comments actually increase the readability. Leti of the program not just to the programmer but to the others as well now that you know what our comments let’s move on and see when to use them. The best practice is to write comments as and how you proceed
With your code comments are very useful. But only if they are implemented wisely just keep the following points in mind when you’re commenting your code. Make sure your comments are very precise and clear and preferably shot as well. They need to be as specific as possible to the Talk of code.
They’re included with please make sure you use decent language guys and do not repeat your comments as they become redundant now that you know, what our comments and their importance. Let’s see how to write them in Python comments in Python are preceded by a hash character
As you can see on the screen over here. I have a small example with some two lines of code. My first line is a comment and my second line is a print statement. Now, let’s move on towards the jupyter notebook and see how this works. Works now, let’s move on towards a jupyter.
Notebook and write some comments All I’m going to do over here is I’ll open a new python notebook and I will rename this notebook to rename your notebook guys. All you have to do is click on the title. Give whatever title you want. And you was renamed.
Like I’ve told you before come and start with a hash character in Python. So here I’m going to write a comment preceded by a hash. As you can see my output there is nothing related to the comment line and whatever I have printed in the print statement has been returned as my output.
Now. This is how comments work they do not show up in your output. Now, let’s get back to our presentation and see how they’re interpreted, which is exactly what is our next topic whenever The Interpreter encounters a hash symbol it omits whatever is present after that the hash character actually tells The Interpreter
To stop reading whatever is present after That until the end of that line, so when you’re writing comments, whatever is present after your hash character is going to be emitted by your interpreter. Now, what if the hash character was present inside the string? Let’s go to a jupyter notebook and see what happens.
I’m including a hash character within a string and I will run this. As you can see when I run this the string is returned which means a hash inside a string means a hash itself and nothing else. So you cannot write comments within a string. Okay.
So I hope you’ve understood how to write comments. Now, let us move ahead and see what are the types of comments comments can either be single line or multi-line single line comments can either appear individually or in line with some other code multi-line comments have to be preceded
By a hash character in Realign they appear. Now. Let’s see a small example of single line comments. Like I’ve told you before single line comments can appear either in an individual line or in line with some other code. Now, let’s move on towards the jupyter notebook and write some single line comments.
I’ll just create a heading over here to create a heading. All you have to do is go to code select heading. Give whatever heading you want as your heading and prefix it by a hash a single hash tables that it’s H1 level heading to hashes tell that it’s h 2 and so
On you can use the heading level of your choice here. I prefixed my Heading by a single hash which means it’s of level H 1 now, let’s write some single line comments. As you can see over here. My first line of code is a comment line.
I’ve prefixed this line by a hash character. And in my last line, I have an inline comment. This inline comment is present with some part of the code, as you can see in the output. None of the comments have been returned. Now, let’s get back to our presentation and see
How multi-line comments work. Like, I’ve already told you multi-line comments can appear anywhere in your code. But each line needs to be prefixed by a hash character. Example as you can see on your screens. I have a hash character present in the first two lines of my code. After that.
I have some code followed by it. You can see in the output that none of these lines have been returned. Now, let’s go to our jupyter notebook and write some multi-line comments. As you can see over here. I have three initial comment lines and all three
Have been prefixed by a hash after that. I have some code and you can see in the output that none of the comment lines have been returned and whatever code is present after that and output is returned based on this code. Now typing a hash everywhere might be a problem and many
Of us would not like to do. So, let’s look at some Shortcut methods of how to comment multiple lines at once. All you have to do is type your multi line comments. first hold the Ctrl key and left click wherever you want to insert a hash character just like how I’m showing your
And then type it once and it appears wherever I have inserted the cursor as you can see on the screen now in case you want to remove multiple hash characters all at once do the same thing hold the Ctrl key click on wherever you want to remove the hash character from
And press the backspace key, as you can see from two lines. I remove the hash character in a single go. So these are some Shortcut methods to comment multiple lines. Many of us think that comments and docstrings are same now, let’s move ahead and see what the doc strings
And whether they are actually comments or not doc strings are not actually comments, but they are documentation strings. These strings are written within triple quotes. They are not assigned to any variable and many other times they’re used as comments as well. Now you’d be thinking what is the difference between docstrings
And comments doc strings are not permitted by The Interpreter unlike Comments are emitted by your interpreter and nothing present after the hash character is going to be read by it on the other hand doc strings are strings that describe something about the code docstrings actually tell what some function is going to do.
Whereas the comments will tell how it is going to do. So, this is the difference between docstrings and comments. Now, let’s go to a jupyter notebook and see their functionality. Like I’ve told you before doc strings are written within triple quotes as you can see in the output. When I execute this.
It Returns the string itself. Whereas in case of a comment when I execute the comment, it does not return anything which means The Interpreter does not emit docstrings. Whereas it omits the comment now these doc strings are efficiently used when you want to describe something about a class
Or a function or something else. Now these dogs drinks can either appear in your out. But or they can be omitted based on where you’re going to place them. Let’s try to place a docstring initially before the code starts. As you can see in my output the doc string has not been returned.
Whereas when I use the doc string individually without any code and I executed it you could see that it had returned the string itself, but when I include the doc string before the code, and after that, I’ve included some code lines and I run this you can see
That only the output for my code is present and nothing related to the doc string has been returned as my output. Now. Let’s try to include a doc string after some code. As you can see over here when I included the doc string after the code. It has returned the output
For the code as well as the string itself. So when you’re making use of Doc strings just be specific of whether you want it to be returned in your output or not many a times these strings are called rather than writing it again and again, so I hope you’ve understood what our comments
And docstrings as well. First of all, we have to understand. What a bill is a variable is like a memory location where you store a value now this value you have stored you may or may not change in the future now coming back to python to declare
A variable we just have to assign a value to it you don’t have to give any additional commands unlike any other programming languages like C C++ Java but you have to give additional commands for declaration and assignment purposes let’s take a look at an example here
We have two variables X and Y and we have assigned values to each of them we have given hundred 2X and Ed Eureka to Y so this is actually how you create a variable in Python now when I print these variables I am going to get the output as
Hundred and adyar a curve you can also perform operations on these variables using the arithmetic operators you can perform addition multiplication subtraction or division as well now let’s try to understand this in the jupyter notebook as well first of all what I’m going to do is I’m going to declare
A variable without assigning a value to it let’s see Happens it is going to show an error. The error says name X is not defined. So let’s try again after giving it a value. Let’s say x is equal to 10. It does not give any errors now.
So we have successfully declared a variable here. Let me declare one more variable. Okay, I’ll give it a value 12. Now. Let’s try to perform a few operations on these variables. First of all, let’s just perform addition between X and Y now, let’s try to do multiplication. There’s one more thing.
I want to tell you about variable declaration that Is variables in Python are case sensitive meaning and uppercase letter here is not going to be the same as a lowercase letter. They are going to be two different variables. Let me show you it is showing another error which is saying name,
Why is not defined because we have not assigned a value to uppercase letter Y, let me give this another value here. Let me give it 20 so we have declared two variables here a lowercase value Y and an uppercase value Y which are going to be two different variables.
So we have understood here the Bill declaration how we declare a variable now, let’s quickly move on to various variable data types that we have in Python depending upon the properties. They possess there are mainly 6 data types in Python. First one is the numbers on numerical data type.
The next one is the string then we have a list after that. We have a dictionary followed by a double and in the last we have a set there is one more variable data type that is range. We will talk about that in the end because it is mainly used
When we are iterating through values or Or when we are using the for Loop, so let’s try to understand all these in detail numbers are numerical data types mainly have numerical values and in numbers. Also, we have four different data types that is integer float complex and Boolean so integer mainly takes
The whole number values without any decimal point values, but if I add a decimal point value to a number it is going to become float and for complex. We just use J as an imaginary part and add it to the number for Boolean it only returns at or false so we use Boolean
For only categorical output now let’s try to understand this in jupyter Notebook first of all let me declare a variable X and give it an integer value let’s say 10 now to check the type of a variable I am going to use the type function
So it is going to show me the type of this variable let’s say x that is NT now if I add a decimal point value to X let’s say 10 .25 and let’s check the type of this variable now we should get flowed
As you can see we are getting float here now to make a number complex I’m just going to add an imaginary part that is Jay here let’s check the type of this variable it is going to show complex number to understand the Boolean variable let me take
Another variable now I am going to check if 10 is greater than 9 or not so when I check the type of this variable here it is going to show me that it is a Boolean and when I print this value it is either going to show me true or false
Since 10 is greater than 9 it is showing true as output so this was all about it SQL data types now let’s quickly move on to string data type string data type in Python is written in single or double quotes as you can see here in the example that I have shown you.
I have two variables X and Y and I have given them the string values hello and world now to access the string values. We use the square brackets with the index number now, you must be wondering what I index number is so let’s take a look at an example here.
I’ll show you what index numbers are in the jupyter notebook. Now, let me declare a variable and give it a string. Value let’s say at Eureka now. Let me check the length of this string. Let’s say so it has a length of 7 now what our index numbers
So index numbers basically start from 0. So at the letter A here index number is going to be 0 and it is going to go until the end of the string. So here at the end is the letter A. So index number at the letter a is going to be 6
Since we have the length of the string as 7 and index numbers start from zero now, let’s try to access some values from the string using the next number so when I write the index number as to I am going to get the value at the index number that is 2
Which is later you now we can also perform several operations on strings for example we can change the case of the string we can replace the values in the string we are going to see if we can actually replace values in the strings or not so let’s try to update a value here
At the index number 2 here so instead of you let’s say I want D here it is going to show an error which is a type error which says string object does not support item assignment which means strings are immutable you cannot change them now to access a series
Of letters from A String I can specify a starting index and with the colon here I can specify the ending index as well let’s say I write eight but we only have seven indexes here let’s see what is going to happen here so it has actually started from the index
To that is you here and has gone to the end of the string but what if I write ending index as seven since we have the length of the string as Let’s see what it’s going to do. It’s going to show the same thing. But what if I write checks over there,
It is not going to include the last letter because the ending index there is not going to include when we are accessing the values from the string. Now, let’s try to do one more thing here. Let’s try to make all the letters here to uppercase letters
As you can see I’ve done that similarly. I can make all the latest lowercase as well. So this was all about string data type. Okay. One more thing. I want to tell you here is to access the values from the end of the String I can specify the index number
Using the minus here. So what I am going to get here is starting from the end of the string. I’m going to get the two letters there. That is at the index number 5. That is K. Similarly. If I write name specify the index number
2 here it is going to give me the same value so we can also access the values in the string like that also. So this was all about string data type. Now, let’s quickly move on to list data type a list is a collection of arrays which is changeable and ordered
Which they have indexes just like strings so we use the square brackets to declare a list as you can see here I have the list name fruits and inside the square brackets I have the list values now we have to understand that we can declare different data types
In the list not just strings or not just integers we can merge integers and strings as well or we can also use other data types in the list as well so I’m going to show you this in the jupyter notebook so let’s declare a list first give it some integer values
First some duplicate values as well let’s just see what happens and a string value as well as you can see we have successfully declared a list now when I print the list let’s see what all values I will get so I am getting all the values that have declared here
Now let me try to access the values using the index number just like we did in the string as you can see we can access the values in the list just like we did in the strings as well using the index number now we can also update the values
In the list using the index number as well so let’s just try to update the value at index number two so instead of 30 I want 35 over So let’s just see what it does as you can see we have successfully updated our value in the list. Now.
Let’s try to add a value using a pin. So what append does is it will add the value at the end of the list now, let me show you so there is a value at the end of the list that we have added using the append function.
Now what if I want to add the value at the middle of the list using the index number, so what I’m going to do is I’m going to use the insert function specify the index number and give it a value. You just say a hundred now
When I print the list as you can see at the index number 5, I have added a hundred as a value. So the difference between the insert and apparent is that using the up and you can only add the value at the end of the list.
But when you are using insert you can add the value specifying the index number now. Let me do a few operations here. Let me try to reverse the list here using the reverse function. Now when I print this the list is diverse. So this was all about list here. Let’s quickly move on.
To dictionary now and dictionaries are collection just like a list but it is unordered changeable and indexed. So we have a key value pair in a dictionary and we can use the keys as indexes because they are unique but the values in the keys can be duplicate
As you can see in the example here. I have the dictionary name as animals and in the curly brackets, I have declared the key value pairs. So let’s try this in the jupyter notebook as well. So I will declare a dictionary here. Let’s just say courses is my dictionary inside the Curly brackets,
I will get key values. Let’s just save one and give it a value comma key value that is 2 and then I’ll give you another value. Let’s just say data science. I can give string values in the key as well. So I’m going to write here machine learning.
Now, let’s see if we have a successfully declared our dictionary. Yes. We have let’s try to print the dictionary. Now as you can see I am getting all these values with key value pairs. Now, I can access the values in the dictionary using the keys as indexes
And just try to third over here as you can see. I’m getting the value at the key that is third now for the similar purpose. I can use the get function and specify the key value. There. It is going to show me the same value now to update a value
In the Eddie I’m just going to write the index number that is our key value here. So instead of machine learning, let’s just say Hadoop. Alright, so when I print the dictionary now it is going to show me an updated value. Also, I can add the key value pairs using the square brackets.
I’ll just specify the key value. Let’s just say for here. I’ll add machine learning again. Okay. Once again, we have made a mistake here. We wrote the wrong name. Now as you can see, we have added another value to our dictionary. So this was all about dictionary guys.
Let’s quickly move on to topple at Apple is an ordered and unchangeable. Now what it means is it is immutable just like a string we cannot make any changes in the topple, but we can have the duplicate values in the top layer as well. So let’s try to understand this with an example.
So I have a couple here which has a name animals and I have few values here. So let’s just do this in jupyter Notebook as well. So I will My double as a name animals, so I will give it a value in round brackets
A few integer values first just to check off course and then I’ll add some values like tiger and just say line and one more I will give let’s say giraffe. Let me give a duplicate value here to check if we can actually add a duplicate value or not. I’ll say tiger once again,
So I have successfully created a couple here. Now. Let me access the values here using the index number. Let’s see if we can do. That so this actually means the tuples are indexed as well. We can use the index values to access the values from the double now
Since it is immutable or we cannot change it. There are not many operations that you can perform on a topple, but you can count the number of duplicate values using the count function here. Just going to write the value. Let’s say tiger, we have duplicate value over there.
So we will check how many times tiger is there? So it’s going to give us the count here. So this was all about topple guys. So let’s quickly move on to set now now a set is a collection. In just like a list or a dictionary as well, but it is unordered
And there are no duplicate entries present. Now, let me show you this with an example in the jupyter notebook. So I will give my set as the set name and inside the curly brackets we can have values. Let’s say 10, 20 30 40. I’ll also give a few duplicate values just to check
If we can have duplicate values are not seeing value. Let’s just said Eureka courses as you can see we have successfully declared a set here now, let me Me try to print this now as you can see there are no duplicate values, even though when we have declared the set
It was there now. Let me try to access the values using the index numbers. It has shown us an error which says set object does not support indexing which means a set does not have any indexes and every time we print a set it is going to show us a random value.
So this was all about set guys briefly talk about range now. So range is used whenever we are iterating through values suppose we want to Numbers from 0 to 10. Let me put it in a list to get the values. So what I’m going to do is I’ll just write 11 over here
And it is going to give me the values in the list that is from 0 to 10. So this is all about range guys. Now, let me take a miscellaneous example now, I’ll have a dictionary with some values again integer values now,
Let me try to make a list and try to get the values from A and B as well, let’s see if we can do that now when I print see here. It is going to show me that our list C has the list a and a dictionary as well.
So which shows you can actually make a list with other data types. For example, you can actually incorporate a dictionary over there. You can also do that with the topple or asset and if you want some value that you don’t want to change the future you
Can actually make it a double and declare it in a list so that you cannot change that value in the future. For example, if you don’t want to access any value using the indexes you can make it with set so that it does not have any indexes.
So that is all about data types. Guys, so there is one more topic that I want to talk about which is type conversion now suppose we have an integer here that has 10 value and we have a string as well. Which says now
When I try to add these two variables name and eggs, it is going to show me a type error, which says unsupported operating types now for this error, I am going to do a type conversion here. So let’s quickly talk about type conversion before moving on to the example.
So type conversion is basically when you convert a type of a variable to another Data type so we have all these functions here which will convert the data type into their respective counterparts. Now, let’s try to look at the example now, so we are getting an error here,
But what if I change the data type of integer into string am I going to get the same error again or not? Let’s just see we’re not going to get any errors. So this is what is all about type conversion. Let me show you one more example.
So we had a dictionary over there that is with the name be what I’m going to do is I’m going to use the list function and specify be over there. So I have actually converted our dictionary into a list. So this is what is Type conversion all about.
Collections in Python before moving on let’s take a look at the agenda for this session. So first of all, I will be talking about what our collections in Python and then I will discuss what is the collections module in Python and how we can use it and finally I will sum up
This session with various specialized data structures that are present in the collections module. I hope you guys are clear with the agenda Also. I suggest you to subscribe to a director channel for more exciting tutorials. And also, press the Bell icon to get the latest updates from madurai go now.
That wasting anymore time. Let’s understand what our collections in Python collections in Python are basically container data types namely list sets topples and dictionary. They have different characteristics based on the Declaration type and the usage as well. So let’s take a look at each of them.
So talking about list a list is declared in square brackets guys. It is mutable, which means you can actually change the values once you have declared a list and it also stores duplicate values and the elements can be a accessed using the index has now talking about double a double is ordered
And immutable in nature, which means you cannot change a value inside a double once we have declared it an audible can also have duplicate entries present inside now talking about asset asset is unordered and declared in curly brackets. It is not indexed which means you cannot access the elements
Inside a set using the index has also it does not have any duplicate entries present as well not talking about a dictionary a dictionary has Value Pairs and is mutable in nature which means we can change the values inside a dictionary and we use the curly brackets to declare a dictionary as well.
So these are the pythons general purpose built in container data types. But as we all know python always has a little something extra to offer so it comes with a python module name collections, which has specialized data structures. So let’s take a look at the python collections module guys.
What is it and how we can use it. So Python programming language has for collection data types that I have already told you which Has less double sets and dictionary but python also comes with a built-in module known as collections which has specialized data structures, which basically covers
For the shortcomings of the four data types now connections module in Python Implement specialized data structures, which provide alternative to pythons built in container data types. So let’s take a look at those specialized data structures in collections module. Also, you don’t have to install collections like other python modules guys.
It is already there inside python. You can just import it. Writing this name collections. So I’ll show you while we are working on the use case guys. So taking a look at these specialized collection data types guys. So first of all, we have a name topple. Then we have chain map deck
There is counter order dictionary default dictionary. Then we have User Dictionary user list and use a string. So we’ll be taking a look at each of them one by one guys. So let’s take a look at name topple guys. So what exactly is named couple named Apple returns a double with named entry,
Which means there will be The name assigned to each value inside a double now, if you look at the topple as in general, it does not have any any named entries, but with named Apple we can do that. So it actually overcomes the problem of accessing
The elements using the index values with named Apple. It becomes easier to access these values since you do not have to remember the index values to get the specific elements now here is an example guys. So this is what unnamed apple looks like guys.
So let me take up to pycharm guys will try to implement unnamed couple using the This module so we are inside the pycharm guys. I hope this is visible to you. So first of all, what we’ll do is we’ll import The Collection module and from collections.
Okay, as you can see, I have not installed it anything. You can just write Collections and it will appear the so from collections. I want to import name to play guys done. Now, what I’ll do is I’ll simply okay. Let me Implement a name double first.
So I’ll just make it as a and use named up. Over here and over here. I will just provide some values. Let’s say the name of my name double will be courses. I have to put it in comas case now. I have to give some names
Like I’ll just write course name and then let’s say technology. Now. What I’ll do is I’ll make one more variable and I will pass this and provide some values over here for my course name. I’ll write data science. And for technology, let’s say python.
Now when I print s over here, let’s see what happens. So as you can see, I’m getting the output as this courses, which is the name of My Double and over here. I am getting the named entries for these values that I have put inside this double guys.
So this is how you can Implement a name double guys. It’s as easy as it looks you just have to import it from Collections. And after that you have to implement our name double and inside that I have provided the Name and the values
That are going to be there for the table guys now, I’ll show you one more thing guys how you can actually get the value or Implement a double using a list guys. So let’s take a look at that. So what I’ll do is I’ll take one more variable. Let’s say s now.
What I’ll do is I’ll just specify using this variable over here and I will use make and over here. I can just make a list and I will provide values like let’s say artificial intelligence. And technology is going to be fighting nice. So if you’re wondering why am I making this course
Has these courses are available at our Erica website guys. You can check them out anytime you want. So now when I print this, let’s see what is going to happen. So I’ve actually used a list to get a name double guys to get the values inside a name double.
So this is all about name double guys. It’s actually pretty easy and you can get named entries for your values inside the double. So let’s take a look at the next one that we have. Have which is actually dead guys. It is written as DQ,
But we can pronounce this as deck now talking about deck what actually it is used for so deck pronounces deck is an optimized list to perform insertion and deletion easy. So when I say optimized what it actually means is there is a way
Where you can actually do it very precisely and very easily as so let’s take it up I charm again and we’ll try to implement this so from collections instead of named topple. What I’m going to do is I am going to Import that guys now
What I do is so let me just specify a list over here. So I’ll just write a few values here. Let’s say a deer a Car Guys. Let’s see. What’s happening here. So now what I’m going to do is I’m going to use a variable and inside this I will pass this list.
Let’s see what we get. If I print this variable guys, so I’m getting a DQ. I have made a deck using the list guys. So let me show you the operations that we can perform in this. So first of all, let me open the value or add a value guys.
So what I’ll do is I’ll just open a value. So let’s say append and Let’s say python. Yeah, so now when I print this you will see the different guys. So we have a deck over here. And after that I have appended a value or inserted a value using this append function guys.
So which means I have added the value at the end of the day now if I want to add it like before the deck guys, like in the beginning of the deck, what I have to do is I’ll just have to use this method which is opened left.
So now we’ll see what is going to happen guys. So this value python is actually inserted in the beginning of the deck similarly for removing a value. What I can do is okay. I’ll just Now we have added this value. Let’s say I want to actually remove this value.
So what I’ll do is I’ll just write the dot pop and let’s see what happens. I’ll print it again. So as you can see from the value from the end of the deck is missing now, if we have actually removed it from the deck using the power function,
But let’s see if I want to actually remove this value. How am I going to do it? I’ll just write pop left guys and as you can see See the value python is also missing here. So this is an optimized version of insertion and deletion guys using the deck.
So this is all about dat guys. Now, let’s talk about the next one that we have which is a specialized data structure office lie, and that is chain map. So chain map is a dictionary like class which is able to make single view of multiple mappings. So it basically returns a list
Of several other dictionaries suppose. You have two dictionaries suppose. We have two dictionaries with several key value pairs, so This case Jane map will make a single list of both the dictionaries in it. So as you can see in this example, we have two dictionaries A and B.
And if I use the chain map, it will return me a single view of these two values or multiple mappings. So let’s take it up to pycharm guys will try to implement this again. So I’ll remove this and instead of deck. We are going to use
Or we are going to import chain ma’am guys, so it’s very simple. So let me declare two dictionaries guys. So first of all, I We’ll give a value. Let’s say 1 and Eureka then the second key value pair is going to be lets say python. Now, let’s take one more.
And inside this I will give the value. Let’s say ML. And the fourth one is going to be lets say yeah now using the chain map. I’m going to specify these two dictionaries in this. So let’s print a one. Let’s see what And so as you can see,
I have made a chain map which has a single view for multiple mappings, which is a and b guys. So this is what you can do using the chain map guys. I hope you understand this. So this is a very basic example guys to let you actually understand what is happening over here.
So we are using these two dictionaries and we are able to get it inside a single view guys. So let’s take a look at the next one that we have which is counter guys. So Counter is also like a dictionary subclass, which is used to count hashable objects. Now, what are hashable objects?
So let’s take a look at this example. So let’s say we have a list inside this we have different elements. So what counter is going to do is okay. Let’s take it if I jump to understand this better guys, so I’ll remove this and instead of chain map.
Let’s say I have come to so let’s take a list guys. So I will specify some duplicate values because This is what it is used for to count the hashable objects guys. Now what I’ll do is I’ll make one variable and use the counter in pass a over here.
So when I print C now, let’s see what happens. So as you can see, I’m getting a dictionary inside which I have these values so which is saying the number of times to has occurred is five number of time for has occurred is 3 and then again 1 2 and all
So when I run this again I’m getting the same value so this is how you can actually use counter guys to count the hashable objects inside any I travel value so we have a list we can you do it for any other I travel object guys like a double or set
So this is all about counter I hope you understand this now in addition to the operation you can perform on a dictionary counter has three more operations that we can perform so which are basically an element function a most common function and a subtract function as well so we’ll talk about at them
In detail now so talking about the element function guys so let’s see what I women’s does so we’ll see elements now so I hear we want the list so we will put it in the list Constructor guys and let’s print this Okay, let’s see. What are we going to get?
So it returns a list containing all the elements in the counter guys. So as you can see, I’m getting all the values that I have inside the counter and this is the counter that I have. So to comes five times one comes two times
And then we have 3/2 times 4/3 times and so on. So this is the function of elements function which is returning a list containing all the elements inside the counter and now let’s take a look at the next function that we have which is the most And function
So let’s get on to it. So we’ll use the C which is our counter guys. So I’m going to use the most common here now. So let’s see what I will get here. So I’m actually getting a sorted list with the count of each elements inside the counter.
So we have 2/5 times 4/3 x + 1 2 X 3 2 times 5 2 x + 6 one time. So this is actually how you can use the most common function and then we have one more function which is subtract guys. So Subtract, let me get one more variable.
So I want to subtract let’s say so I’m getting to five times. So I’ll just subtract two one time and I’ll subtract six one time. So what I’ll do now here is I use the counter and let me use the subtract function guys. Here it is and I will pass sub over here.
Let’s see what happens. Okay. So now when I print my counter Okay, I will get the values the most common values again. So now as you can see 2 is coming for X here and 6 is coming 0 times because I have subtracted using the subtag function.
So this was all about counter guys. Let’s talk about the next data structure, which is soldered dictionary. So order dictionary is a dictionary subclass which remembers the order in which the entries were added. Basically, even if you change the value of the key the position will not be changed
Because of the order in which It was inserted in the dictionary. So let’s take it up to pycharm guys will implement the order dictionary over there. So I will remove all this. And instead of counter, we will import order dictionary. Now. What I’ll do is I will Implement an order dictionary.
Let’s say d and now I’ll add a few values. Let’s say okay. The first one is going to be e and then second one is let’s d no let me print D over here which is our order dictionary let’s see what the output will be so we have an order
Dictionary which is saying on the first value we have e and then so on we have Eddie wake up all the letters from Eddie recognized so this is how you can actually Implement an order dictionary guys so let me take a look at what all functions do I have in this
So I have pop update pop item get items from Key set default values clear copy keys so let me get all the keys from this When I run this, okay, let me print this. Now as you can see, I’m getting the order dictionary Keys, which is one two, three, four five and seven
And similarly I can get instead of keys. Let’s say about all we can get. We can update Bob item. Okay, let’s get items. So the functions are actually similar to what we have for dictionary guys. So this is all about order dictionary guys it remembers the order
In which the elements were put inside the dictionary you guys. Okay. Let me do one thing is I will change the value the first let’s print this so you’ll understand it better. So now what I will do is I will change the value at 1.
So instead of e let’s say I want Peola and now when I print it let’s say what happens. So as you can see, I have replaced the value over there, but since it was inserted in the beginning, like the first one was e value is not changing over there.
So this is the main reason why we use order dictionary because it remembers the order in which the elements are being added inside the dictionary. So now that we are done with order dictionary. Let’s talk about default dictionary guys. So what basically default dictionary does is it is a dictionary subclass
Which calls a factory function to supply missing values? So in general it does not throw any errors when a missing key value is called in a dictionary. So you’ll understand this better guys. So let’s take a look at this example. We have a default
Dictionary in which we have to specify a type as well. So let’s say we have two values on the first value we have at Eureka and then we have python but instead we want to print Java there which is not actually inside the dictionary because there is no value present.
That but we will not get any key value errors and it will instead give the output as 0 so let’s take it up to pycharm guys will try to understand over there. So let’s remove all this. Now instead of ordered dictionary. We are going to import default dictionary guys.
So let’s make a default dictionary. And inside this let’s specify the type as well. Now. Let’s say we have the first value as python the second value. It’s a anyway car. Now when I print this T over here, I’m getting the value as it’s showing me that we have a default
Dictionary which has a class into that. We have specified over here. And then we have a dictionary with the values 1 2 which has python and a director respectively. Now, let’s say I want to get the value at the number three, which is not actually present there, but I’m getting the output
As 0 so I will show you the different guys what actually happens if you do this in a normal ordinary dictionary guys, so I will Make one more dictionary. Let’s say and I’ll give it some value at say. Python and Eddie Rekha now when I print this which is not actually present
Inside the dictionary. Let’s see what we are going to get. We’re going to get the key error guys because 3 is not actually present inside this ordinary dictionary. But if you put it inside a default dictionary, you’re not going to get this error guys.
So this is what is function of default dictionary guys. It does not show you or through any key error, even if the value is missing inside. Actually you guys so now that we are done with default dictionary. Let’s take a look at the next one that we have
Which is User Dictionary user list and use a string. So these three data structures are actually same but different. So let’s talk about them one by one. So talking about User Dictionary this class acts as a wrapper around dictionary objects now that need for this class came
From the necessity to subclass directly from the dictionary. It becomes easier to work with this class as the underlying dictionary becomes an attribute now, Talking about the user list this class acts like a wrapper around the list objects and it is useful Base Class for other list like classes which can inherit
From them and override the existing methods or even add a few more new ones as well. And the need for this class came from the necessity to subclass directly from list. It becomes easier to work with this class as the underlying list becomes an attribute as well. Now talking about user string guys.
It is also a wraparound string objects for easier strings. Glassing now the need for this class has been partially supplanted by the ability to subclass directly from string. However, this class can be easier to work with because the underlying string is accessible as an attribute in this session today guys.
I will be covering the following topics. First of all, I’ll be explaining what exactly is an array and then I’ll be differentiating between Python lists and arrays now, this is a very common question. Question that many of us asked after that. I’ll be showing you how to create arrays in Python
Following which we will try to access array elements and then we will try to perform some basic operations on arrays such as finding the length of an array adding and removing elements from it or a concatenation slicing and looping through an array. Now, let’s move on towards the first topic our first topic
For this session is what exactly is an array and array is basically a data structure guys with automatic. What series of elements any variable that is declared as an array can hold more than one value at the same time all values in an array have a particular address
Which is specified by its index number here as you can see on the screen. I’ve declared a variable a as an array and I’ve stored values from one to hundred in my array, which is a also make a note of the index values indexing always starts from zero and not from one therefore
A of zero holds one a of One holds to a of to holds 3 and similarly a of 99 holds hundred when the length of my array is n the index value will be n minus 1 it is always 1 less than the length of the array. Now.
Let’s move on towards our next topic for this session, which is the difference between Python lists and arrays python lists and arrays have the same way of storing data, but there is a key difference that you all have to note erase can store only single data type values.
Whereas Lists can store any data type values. So for example, if I have an array of integer values all values present in that array will be integers and nothing else on the other hand. If I have a list then it can store integers together with float and Cal’s and strings Etc.
Now when you try to perform some operations, like slicing or looping it will be similar for both, but when you try to perform different operations, like if you want to multiply your array values by 2, or you want to Divide it by 2 you can do so easily when you have an array,
But if you try to do the same with the list, it will throw an error because naturally you cannot multiply cares and strings or divide them. So I hope you are clear with the difference between these two. So now let’s move on towards the next topic how to create arrays
In Python unlike other programming languages. If you want to create a raise in Python, you will have to import the array module now this module has all the functions that are necessary for creating and performing Various kinds of operations on arrays to import the array module you
Can use three ways first is to import the array module by its original name, which is array. The second method is to use an alias name. This is the most widely and commonly used method as well in my demonstrations. I’m going to be using this method the Third Way
Is using star from array import Star what this does is it’s going to import all that is present in your array module now, let’s go To our jupyter notebook and try to do this. Please do it along with me guys. I’ll open a new notebook
And I will use the first method to import the array module as you can see when I hit run no error has been returned, which means this is executed now, let’s try to create arrays using this method As you can see over here. I’ve created an array using the first method.
So I have used a red dot array of integer values and have specified some random integer values here. The first array is the name of the module. The second array is the array Constructor and then I’ve given a type code this type code specifies what type of elements my array will hold
As you can see. I’ve created an array. So I hope you are clear with how to create arrays using the first method now. Let me open the notebook and try the second method the reason to open a new notebook is because I’ve already imported array module in this notebook I’ll rename this notebook
Because I’m going to be using this method in further demonstrations as well as you can see over here when I use import array as ARR ARR here is my Alias name when I use this and hit run it does not throw any error
Now let me try to create arrays using this method I’m using it as my data type you can use any data type of your choice as you can see that an array has been created with some random integer values in place of the module name array I’ve used ARR now let’s try
The third method I’ll open a new notebook again As you can see over here when I’m creating arrays using the third method. I’ve just specified The Constructor name and then the type code and the value list. So now let’s get back to our presentation.
Our next topic for this session is accessing array elements to access array elements. You’ll have to make use of the index values each index value holds a unique element. Like I’ve told you before indexing starts from zero and not from one. So therefore a of zero holds one a of One holds 2
And so on this is the normal driver still order which starts from the left hand side and moves towards the right hand side. But here I want you all to note this point as well that negative indexing also exists. So negative indexing will start from the right hand side
And move towards the left hand side there 400 will be at a of – 199 will be at a of minus 2 and similarly one will be at a of – hundred now. Let’s go to our Jupiter. Your notebook and try to access some array elements. As you can see over here.
I’ve created a heading to create a heading. All you have to do is go to code select heading and prefix your text with the number of hashes based on the heading level you want. So if I want H 1 I will use one hash
If I want H to I will use 2 and so on here, I’ve created a heading of H1, so I prefixed my text with one hash now. Let me try to access some array elements. As you can see over here when I access a of to my output is 3 let’s see
Where 3 is present in my array one is present at a of 0 to at a of 1 and 3 at a of 2. So therefore when I access a of two three has been returned our next topic of this session is basic array operations here.
I just want to tell you all something arrays are mutable, which means they are changeable. So in case you want to add Or remove elements from it you can do so easily now coming back to our presentation our first operation under this section will be finding the length of an array
The second is adding or changing elements of an array and then we will try to remove or delete elements of an array and then guys, we will try to perform array concatenation slicing and finally we will be looping through an array. Now. Let’s move on towards the first operation to find the length
Of an array you will have to make use of The Len function now this function returns an integer value which is equal to the number of elements that are actually present in your array. The Len function takes one parameter, which is the name of your array
As you can see in the example of here. I’ve created some random array a and I’ve given some random values as you can see. I have three values over here and when I use the Len function and I specify the name of my array the output is 3
Which is equal to the number of elements that are present in my array. And now let’s move towards our jupyter notebook and see how this works. As you can see over here when I use the Len function and I’ve given the array name which is a and integer value is returned,
Which is six six is the number of elements that are actually present in my array, which is a okay. So I hope you are clear with this. So I’m next operation is adding elements to an array in case you want to add elements
To an array you can do so using the append extend or the insert function. The append function is used when you want to add an element to the end of your array. The extend function is used when you want to add more than one elements to the end of your array.
The insert function specifically adds a new element to a particular position in the original array. Let’s have a look at the small example of these three as you can see on the screen. I’ve created some random array a and then I’ve used the append function
And I’ve given the value that I want to add to my array as you can see in the output 3.4 which is the value of I’ve specified to the pain function. Has been added to the end of my array which is a and then I’ve used the extend function.
Please make a note over here that when you use the extend function, you will have to specify the values between square brackets. If you don’t use the square brackets, it will throw an error. I’ve given three new values and all three values have been added to the end of my array
And then I’ve tried to use the insert function over here. I’ve specified the index number as 2 and the value to be inserted at that position as 3.5. As you can see in the output 3.4 has been inserted at Sea of to now,
Let’s go to our jupyter notebook and will do the same. I’ll repent my array which is a so that it’s easy for us to refer to it. Since my array holds integer values, I will give some new integer value to it. As you can see I’ve given eight as the value
That I want to insert in my array and eight has been added to the end of my array now. Let me try to give some float value to this array and see what happens. As you can see when I try to append some float value, it gives me a type error.
Therefore I can add only those values which is specific to the type of elements that are present in that array. Now, let me try to use the extend function. Like I told y’all when you’re using the extended function, you will have to make use of the square brackets.
As you can see in the output all the values that I’ve specified within the extent function have been added to the end of my array now, let me use the insert function. I’ve used the insert function and the first parameter I’ve specified is the index value
And the second is the element to be inserted at this index position. So at index value a of to 6 will be inserted as you can see in the output six has been inserted at a of to so I hope you are clear with how to add elements to an array. Now.
Let’s move on towards the next operation. Our next operation is removing elements of an array in case you want to remove elements from an array. Can make use of the pop or the remove function the pop function removes the element and returns it whereas the remove function will remove it
But it will not return it the pop function can either take no parameters or one parameter the parameter. It takes is the index value of the element to be removed. If you do not specify any parameter, it will remove the last element from the array the remove function takes one parameter,
Which is the element to be removed itself. Now, let’s have a look at a small example of this as you can see on the screen. I’ve created some random array a and then I’ve used the pop function without specifying any parameter as you can see in the output
When I do not specify any parameter the last value present in my array has been popped and returned as well second time. I’ve used the pop function and I’ve given some index value. Now this pop function will remove the element that is present at this index position as you can.
See, it has removed 3.1 and returned it as well. After that. I’ve used the remove function. Like I’ve told you before the remove function takes one parameter, which is the element to be removed and you can see in the output that the remove function has not returned any value after that.
I’ve printed my array and you can see all the values that are removed using these two functions are no more present in the array a now. Let’s go to our jupyter notebook and do the same. Let me reprint my array, which is a first I will use the pop function
Without specifying any parameter to it. As you can see over here when I do not give any parameter. It removes the last element that is present in my array now, let me give some index value to it. I’ll repent my array a because I’ve removed an element from it now.
Let me give some index value to the pop function. As you can see when I use a DOT pop of to it removes the element which is present at a of 2 which is 6 and it returns it as well. Let me try to use some negative index value for the pop function.
It’ll pop of minus one removes the last element that is present in my array, which is 5 now. I’ll use the remove function. Let me reprint my array guys, as you can see all the elements that have been removed using the pop function
Are no more present in my array a like I’ve told you before when using the remove function, you will have to specify the element that is to be removed here. Let me remove it because there are two occurrences of 8 and let’s see
What the remove function does when I hit run remove function does not return anything now, let me print my array and see what this present as you can see. The first occurrence of eight has been removed, but the remove function did not return the value.
So I hope you are clear with the remove and the pop. Students now let’s get back to our presentation and perform the next operation. Our next operation is array concatenation concatenation means joining. So in case you want to join different arrays, you can make use of the plus symbol
As you can see on the screen. I’ve created some random array A and B, and then I’ve created some random array C, which is empty also make a note that all three arrays have the same type code and then I have concatenated a and b into my empty array which is see.
As you can see in the output all the elements present in A and B have been concatenated into my array C. Now. Let’s go to our jupyter notebook and perform array concatenation. I’m using it as my data type you can use any data type of your choice. To create an empty array.
All you have to do is specify the type code and leave the value list empty here. I’ve created an empty array D and have concatenated B and C into my array which is D. Now. Let me hit run when I hit run all elements present in B
And C have been concatenated into my new array, which is D. So I hope you appear with or a concatenations. Let me just show you what happens if I try to concatenate arrays of different data types. I’ll just change one of my Previously created
A raise type code and I’ll give it as float. Let’s see what happens when I change the type code and I try to concatenate these two arrays. You can see that I’ve encountered an error and it says type error which means it cannot concatenate two arrays of different data types.
So just be careful when you’re concatenating arrays. You cannot concatenate arrays which hold different data type elements. Okay. Now let’s move on towards our presentation and see what is the next operation. Our next operation is slicing an array slicing actually means fetching some particular values from your array to do so,
You can make use of the colon symbol as you can see on the screen. I’ve created some random array a and I’ve sliced it from 0 to 3 0 specifies from We’re fetching has to start and three specifies where it has to stop so it will start from zero.
It will go on till 3:00, but it will not include the value which is present at 3:00. As you can see in the output. I have a of 0 a of one and a of 2 that is present in my output. Now, let’s go to our jupyter notebook
And we will try to slice our arrays. I’ll reprint Maya radio here and then I will try to slice it. As you can see, I’ve sliced my array from 0 to 5. So it will start from index number 0 it will go
To 5 but it will not include the value which is present at index number five. You can also see the same in the output over here. Let me try to use some negative index value. My output when I use 0 colon – to contains all the values between 0 and minus two,
But it will not include the value which is present at minus 2. Okay. So I hope you have here with this topic. Just give me a quick confirmation before I move on. Okay, I know it says yes Shashank has a question. He asks,
What does colon colon minus 1 Min Shawshank unlike what many of us think colon colon minus 1 does not reverse my array, but it prints a reversed copy of my array. So let’s try to do this over here. as you can see all the elements present in Array D have been reversed now,
Let’s print our array which is d The original array D is the same but colon colon minus 1 has reprinted a reversed copy of my array, which is D. This method is actually not preferred because it exhausts the memory. So I hope I’ve cleared your doubts Shawshank. Just give me a quick confirmation.
Okay. Shawshank says, yes. Now let’s get back to our presentation and perform the last operation of this session which is looping through an array. You all might be familiar with these two Loops, which is the four and the while Loops the for Loop iterates
Over the items of an array specified number of times. Whereas the while loop iterates until some condition is met or some condition is true when you’re using the while loop you will have to keep three things in mind one is initializing your iterator. In is to specify
A condition third is to increment your iterator. Remember that if you do not increment your iterator your while loop will go on forever. Let’s see a small example of this as you can see on the screen. I’ve created some random array and then I’ve used the for Loop to Loop through my array.
I’ve used for X in a print X which means go to every element that is present in a and print it. Let’s try to do the same on our jupyter notebook. Let me reprint my array D. Now. Let me use the for Loop to Loop through this array.
For X in a print X which means go to every element in D and print it as you can see all elements present in D have been returned one after the other now. Let me try to slice this array and print specific elements. As you can see over here. I’ve sliced my array
From index number 0 to minus 3 and I’ve printed only those specific values using the for Loop. Now, let’s go to our presentation and have a look at the while loop. Like I’ve told you before when you’re using the while loop you will have to do three things one is initializing.
Your iterator second is to specify the condition and third is to increment your iterator. Let’s try to perform looping on our jupyter. Notebooks. Please do it along with me. Let me reprint my array d. Here I’m using the iterator as temp. You can use any name of your choice.
As you can see over here, I’ve initialized my iterator to 0 and then I’ve specified a condition where an I have told whenever the value of my temporary variable is less than D of to then print that value and then I have iterated the value of temp.
I can also use Temple us equal to 1 which is same as temp equal to 10 plus 1 now. Let’s try to use the while loop using the Len function here. I will use my array a so let me reprint it.
Here as you can see over here when I use the Len function, my temporary variable will go to all elements present in my array a and print them one after the other. So I hope you are clear with looping data requires a number of ways in which it can be stored
And accessed and one of its most important implementations includes hash tables and hashmaps. So before we begin just make sure you subscribe to our Channel and hit the Bell icon. To stay updated with all the latest Erica videos coming back towards the session we shall first begin by understanding
What exactly are hash tables are hashmaps in Python. And for that I’ll be showing you guys how to create dictionaries nested dictionaries and perform various operations on hash tables such as accessing updating and deleting items from them. Finally. I’ll be showing you guys how to convert a python dictionary
Into a panda’s data frame. So without any further delays, let’s get started. So what exactly is a hash table or a hashmap in python in the field of computer science a hash table or a hash map is a type of data structure that map’s keys to its value pairs.
It implements the abstract or a data type. So this basically makes use of a function that computes an index value that in turn holds the elements to be searched inserted removed Etc. This makes it easy and fast to access data in general hash table store key value Pairs
And the key is generated using a hash function. hash tables are hashmaps and python are implemented through the built-in dictionary data type the keys of a dictionary in Python are generated by a hashing function the elements of a dictionary are not ordered and they can be changed so
For example a dictionary can be a mapping of employee names and their employee IDs or the names of students along with their student IDs okay so moving ahead let’s go on and see how to create dictionaries in Python dictionaries in Python can be created in two ways one is
By using the curly braces and the second is to use the dict function so now I’ll jump onto my jupyter notebook and over here I’ll be showing you guys how to create dictionaries in both these methods so the first method is by using the curly braces for that
I’m just going to give some name to my dictionary I’ll say my dictionary And I’ll just give some random key value pairs to this. So I’ll just give a name said Dave. And I’ll specify the value of this as 0 0 1 so just consider this to be an employee mapping
With the ID numbers. So I’ll give another key over here. I’ll say Deva. And I’ll specify the ID to be 002. I’ll specify another one say Joe and I’ll give the value as not not three. Okay. So after this, I’ll print out my dictionary. and also the type of my dictionary
And then I’ll hit shift enter. So as you can see over here, my dictionary has been printed out and the type of it is dictionary itself. Okay. So now to show you guys how to make use of the dict function. All you can do is just specify some name. I’ll say new dictionary.
And make use of the dict function. I’m not giving any parameters at first. I’ll just print out new ticked. And the type of it as well. Okay, so as you can see over here and empty dictionary is created since no key value pairs are supplied as a parameter
To the dict function in case you want to add the values. All you have to do is specify parameters into that function. So what I’m going to do is copy this from here, we’ll just paste it and within this function, I’ll specify these values as a parameter to this so over here,
I’ll just use the key value as Dave and I will say this is equal to naught naught 1 and then Ava Which is equal to not not to now, I’ll just print out new decked. And I’ll run this so as you can see over here, I’ve specified the key value pairs as parameter
To this function and therefore my dictionary has been created with those parameters. So I hope you are clear with this. So now moving on towards our next topic which is nested dictionaries. Nested dictionaries are basically dictionaries that live within other dictionaries. So for example,
Consider a project within which there will be a number of teams such as the development team the marketing team sales team Etc. These are basically other dictionaries that are contained within the project dictionary. This project dictionary itself can be a part of the organization that has a number of projects.
So I hope that gives you a clear idea about what exactly is a nested dictionary. So now I’ll jump onto my jupyter notebook to show you guys how to create them. So all I’m going to do over here is create a dictionary which contains the employee
Details a single team can have a number of employees and these employees have different salaries IDs and Nations I’ll just create a variable over here. I’ll just say EMP details. and then I’ll use the curly braces within which I’ll specify the main element to be employed
And this is going to contain various other dictionaries so here the first employee name will be Dave and since each employee will have other details such as ID salary designations Etc it is going to be another dictionary with in this dictionary so I’ll just open another dictionary and over
Here I’ll specify ID to be 0 0 1 the next detail that I’m going to specify for this employee is the salary so I’ll just specify the key as salary and I’ll give some random value to this say 2000 and finally I’ll specify the designation Okay, so this was all the details
For Dave now, I’ll create another employee name. So I’ll move out of this dictionary and here I’ll specify Ava. So just like Dave Ava is also going to have ID salaries and designations and for that I’ll create another dictionary within this and I’ll specify the same key value pairs.
The ID is going to be 0 0 2 and salary I’ll give some random value say 1,000. the designation will be associate Okay. So after this I just print out this dictionary. So as you can see over here, I’ve created a nested dictionary. So I hope you guys are clear with this.
So now let’s move on towards our next topic which is performing operations on hash tables. There are a number of operations that can be performed on hash tables in Python using dictionaries in this session. I’ll be showing you how to access update and delete elements from dictionaries or hash tables in Python.
So accessing values the values of a dictionary can be accessed in many ways such as using key value pairs. Functions are implementing the for Loop now to show all this to you. I’ll jump onto my jupyter notebook. I’ll just give a heading over here say accessing values or rather healthy items.
So the first method that I’m going to show you is using the key values. So for that I’ll just use the dictionary that I’ve created earlier which is my decked and I’m going to say my underscore dict and the parameter that I’m going to specify is Dave and then I’ll hit run.
So as you can see over here the key Dave contains the value as 0 0 1 python also provides a number of functions using which you can access the key value pairs that are present within dictionaries. Some of these functions are the keys function. The values function or the get function.
So what I’m going to do over here is first print out my dictionary. Now I’m doing this only because it’s going to be easy for us to refer to it. So after this, I’ll be showing you guys how to use the keys the values and the get functions.
So what I’m going to do is print. My dict dot keys. And then I’ll head Run Okay, so as you can see over here when I use the keys function all the keys that are present in my dictionary have been returned now in case I want to access all the values.
All I have to do is change this from keys to values and then hit Run Okay. So as you can see in contrast to the previous function, the values function has returned all the values that are present within my dictionary now, there’s another function which I already told you
Which is get and to use function you’ll have to specify some parameter whose value you want to retrieve so what I’m going to do is print my dictionary dot get and I’ll specify the value as Ava so as you can see over here the value that’s present for Ava is not not too
So I hope you guys are clear with this so there’s another way by which you can access the values that are present in a dictionary and that is using the for Loop so in case I want to retrieve all the keys that are present
In my dictionary all I’m going to do is use for X in my district as he protects so as you can see over here my for Loop is iterating over all the keys that are present in my dictionary and it has returned all of them one after the other now in case
I want to fetch only the values that are present in my dictionary all I can do is use the same for Loop and within that I can specify my dick taught values function so as you can see all the values that are present within my dictionary
Have been returned by the for Loop now there’s another function called as items that will retrieve all the key value pairs that are present in my dictionary so to show you guys I’ll just type 4 x 4 x in my dictionary Dot items which is the name of the function.
Sorry guys, this supposed to be X comma y since I have to retrieve two values at a time. That is the key and the value and then I’ll just print X comma y. So as you can see over here, I have all the keys along with their value pairs.
Okay, so I hope you are clear with this. So now let’s move on and see how we can actually update the values of a dictionary dictionaries are mutable data types and therefore you can update them as and when required so in case if you want to change the ID of some employee or
If you want to add some new key value pair to a dictionary you can do it easily. So now to show that to you guys, I’ll get back to my jupyter notebook. I’ll give a new heading. I’ll say updating. So I’ve already created a dictionary of here and from that dictionary.
I’ll just change the value of Dave from 0 0 1 2004 for that. I’ll just specify my dict. And within this I’ll specify the parameter as Dave. And the value I’ll change it from 0 0 1 2004. Now I want to add some new value to my dictionary.
So for that allowing going to do is specify my dict. And I’ll specify a new parameter. Say Chris. And the value I’ll specify to this as 003. Finally, I’ll just print out my date. So as you can see over here, the value of Dave was initially 0 0 1
And now I updated it from 0 0 1 2004 you can also see over here that I’ve added a new key value pair and the key is Chris and the value is not not three. So I hope you guys are clear with this. Okay.
So now let’s get back to our presentation and see how we can actually delete items from a dictionary. There are a number of functions that allow you to delete items from a dictionary such as the DL function the pop function. Pop item function pure Etc.
So to implement this I’ll get back to my jupyter notebook and over here. I’ll create a new heading. So the first thing that I’m going to do is use the pop function, so I’ll just copy the name of my dictionary from here. And I’ll use the pop function with this.
So the pop function will take one parameter and it’s going to remove that key value pair from my dictionary. So just specify Ava And I’ll hit run. So as you can see over here, the pop function has removed and return the item from the dictionary.
So there’s another function called as the pop item function which will remove the last inserted element from my dictionary. So for that all I’m going to do is specify my date. dot pop item and then I hit Run Okay. So as you all know the last item that I had added
To my dictionary was Chris having the value of not not three pop item has removed that and returned it as well. So to use the delete function. All you have to do is specify DL followed by the name of the dictionary and to this you’ll have to specify the key whose value
You want to remove from your dictionary. So here I’ll just specify Dave and I’ll hit run finally. I’ll just print out my dictionary. So as you can see over here, all that is left in my dictionary is just one key value pair, which is Joe having the value of not not three. Okay.
So now let’s move on towards the last topic of this session which is converting a dictionary into a data frame. So before showing you guys how to convert this let’s first see what exactly is a data frame a data frame is a two-dimensional data structure that consists of columns of various types.
It is very similar to python dictionary and you can even convert a dictionary into a Those data frame. So now to convert this. I’ll get back to my jupyter notebook. Okay. So as you all have seen previously I had created a nested dictionary containing employee names
And their details map to it now to make a clear table out of that. I’ll make use of the pandas library in order to put everything as a data frame. So what I have to do over here is import pandas. And I’ll take a new variable say d f
I’m going to import the pandas Library as PD guys. Sorry, it’s just an alias name so you don’t have to worry about that. So I’ll just use PD touch data frame. And over here, I’ll specify employ underscore details, which was the nested dictionary which I’ve created earlier.
Finally, I’ll just print out the data frame. So if I would have imported the pandas Library as pandas and not as PD in place of PD over here, I should have written the complete name of the library, which is pandas. Okay, so now I’ll just hit run. So as you all can see
A clear table has been created for the dictionary, which I had created earlier. So here is a list of all the operators that we have in Python. So first of all, we have arithmetic operators, then we have assignment operators comparison operators logical operators. Then we have membership operators identity operators and bitwise operators.
So we will be discussing all of these operators in detail. So let’s talk about arithmetic operators at The mattock Operators are nothing but the operators that are used to perform arithmetic operations between variables or two values. So these are the Pneumatic operator symbols that we use in Python. So we have addition
Subtraction multiplication division modulus exponentiation and flow division. So, let’s take it up to jupyter notebook to understand the concept of arithmetic operators. So let’s say I have two variables X. I’m going to give this value as 10 and then I have one more variable. Let’s say why I’ll give it a value.
Let’s say 20 now to understand the concept of our thematic operators. What I’m going to do is First of all, I will try to perform addition between these two variables. So I’ll just write plus over here. And when I execute this I’m going to get
The addition as my output now to perform subtraction. I’m going to use the subtraction operator and it is going to give me the value as the subtraction over here. Similarly. I can perform multiplication then I can also perform exponentiation. So I’ll use two asterisks instead of one for exponentiation it is
That easy in Python guys now we will perform division. No, we have so it is going to give me the value of the division. Now when I do the flow division, I’m going to get the value over here as well. One more operator is left that is the modulus.
So I will try to perform modulus as well. So it is going to give me the value that is the remainder. So this was all about arithmetic operators guys. So these are all the symbols that we can use for various purposes like addition subtraction multiplication division Etc.
I hope you are clear with the concept of arithmetic operators. Now let’s try to understand the next operator that we have which is assignment operator. So you can imagine what an assignment operator is by the name itself that is assignment. So we use the assignment operators to assign values
To a variable or any value that we have in Python. Right? So we have assignment operators like is equal to then we have plus is equal to so all these symbols we have let’s try to understand what all these are used for. For example, let’s say we have a variable X
Which has a value hundred. Now when I write this X Plus is equal to 10 it is going to mean the same as X is equal to X plus 10. Similarly. We can write x minus is equal to multiplication is equal to division is equal to R exponentiation is equal to now,
Let’s try to understand these operators or the assignment operators in jupyter Notebook. So first of all, we have is equal to as our first assignment operator. So I will have 1 let’s say I have X so I have not assigned any value to this. Let’s say what happens, okay.
Let’s try one more variable. I’ll write this so it is showing me a name error, which is saying name a is not defined because I have not assigned a value to it. So in Python until you assign a value to a variable it is not going to be declared in Python.
So now when I give the value to this variable, let’s say I’ll write 5 over here. It is not showing any error, which means I have assigned a value to this variable. Now, let’s try to understand other assignment operators. Let’s see. So what does plus is equal to Min in Python?
Write this what should be the output guys. So let’s try to understand this. So when I print a I get the value as 10 so why I am getting this value because I have assigned the value 5 over here. Then I write one more assignment operator that is plus is equal to 5.
So what is going to happen over here is it is going to be same as a is equal to a plus 5, so we have 5 over here and we have added five more to this statement, which means we are getting the result as 10 over here. Now, let’s try to understand.
And other assignment operators as well. So let’s say exponentiation is equal to 5. So, let’s see what the output will be. So when I print this I’m getting the exponentiation to the value of five since a is equal to 10 and we are doing the exponentiation until five digits.
So we are getting the output as a hundred thousand. So this was all about assignment operator. Similarly we can do the division is equal to then we have minus is equal to so these are all the assignment operator. That we have in bitin. Now, let’s talk about the next operator that we have
Which is comparison operator. So comparison operators are nothing but the operators that we are using to compare two values or objects, right? So we have comparison operators like equal not equal greater than less than greater than or equal to and then we have less than or equal to as well.
So let’s try to take an example over here. So when I use the equal operator, I am going to write the statement as just I have written over here x is equal to Why so when I’m using the comparison operator, I’m actually using double equal to so
This is the basic difference between assignment operator and comparison operator. So let’s take it up to jupyter notebook to understand these comparison operators guys. So let’s say I have two variables. Value is equal to 10 and number is equal to 20. So to understand the comparison operators, let me take one more variable.
I’ll say this will be our Boolean variable. So what I’m going to do is I will write Val is equal to number one for I am checking is or comparing these two values. So what exactly I’m doing is comparing these two variables or values that we have. That is Val and number one.
So when I print this compare variable what I am going to get is either true or false, so it is going to be false because value is not equal to number so I can do this. Miller thing I can check whether it is greater than or I can check
If it is less than so when I write 10 over here so I can similarly check if it is greater than or equal to I can check if it is less than or equal to. So these are the comparison operators that we have in Python,
Which we can use to compare two values or two objects. Now, let’s try to understand the next operator that we have which is The Logical operators. So logical operators are used to combine conditional statements. So what are the Conditional statements that we have in Python. So let’s briefly talk about conditional statement guys.
So mainly we have three conditional statements in Python. We have an if statement then we have an else if statement and we have an else statement. So I’ll give you an example for better understanding so for these two variables only. Alright if well is equal to number one print equal.
Else if well is greater than number one print greater else print smaller so what happened here is guys first of all the execution will go to F statement it will check this condition if this statement is true it is going to print this value
If this is false it is going to move to the next statement that is the else if statement that we have over here it is going to check this condition if it is true it is going to print this statement or if this condition is false it is going to jump
To the next statement that is the else statement and I will give one more condition so if all of these conditions Is are false. It is going to jump to this statement and it is going to print not there over here. If all of these conditions are false, it is going to jump
To the next statement that we are going to have in the program, but I have not written any other statements. So it is going to end the execution over here own. So this is a basic example using the conditional statements now that we are done discussing conditional statements. Let’s talk about logical operators.
So I have told you logical operators are used to combine conditional statements. So what exactly are The Logical operators, so we have a logical and we have logical or or we have a logical not With by looking at the example. Let’s say we have two conditions over here.
We have X is greater than 5 and then we have X is greater than 10. So let’s try to understand these logical operators in jupyter Notebook. Now, let’s say I have two statements. Alright X is equal to 10 and what I’m going to do is I’m going to check
If x is greater than 10. All right, and which is my logical and operator and I’ll write X is greater than 5 so what is going to happen if I use the logical and operator if both of these statements are true it is going to give the result as true.
But if one of these statements is false it is going to give me the value or the output as false. So, let’s see what happens if I execute this statement, I’m getting false because one of these statements is false. Now when I write instead of 10,
If I write 8 over here, let’s see what happens since both of these statements are true. It is going to give me the output as true now instead of and Creator if I use the logical or operator, let’s see what is going to happen. It is showing me that it is true
Because when we are using the logical or operator only one of these statements has to be true the output will be true. But what happens if both of these statements are false, it is showing me the value that is false. But let’s see what happens. If both of these statements are true.
I’m getting true as well. So one of the statements has to be true when we are using the or operator not talking about logical not operator, but I’m going to do is I’ll write not in the beginning now. I specify the condition.
Let’s say x is greater than 10 and X is greater than 5 this is the same statement that we have used before and for this we have got the output as false. So, let’s see when we use the logical not operator. What is going to be the output.
I’m getting true as the output here because this statement is negated over here using the not operator and we are getting the Value that we should be getting for this statement. So this is the purpose which fulfills by using the not operator or The Logical not operator that we have in Python.
So now that we are done with logical operators as well. Let’s try to understand what our identity operators so identity operators are used to compare objects. Now, you must be wondering what our objects here. So everything in Python is actually an object so we can use the data types as objects as well.
So let’s try to understand. What are the identity operator? In Python, so we have is and we have is not so these are the identity operators. So what is does is it returns? True? If both the variables are same object? For example, let’s try to do this in jupyter Notebook.
So what I’ll do is I’ll take let’s say A list I will give it up some values. Let’s say 10 20 and 30. I’ll take one more list. Give it the same values. Let’s say 10 20 and 30 and I’ll write X is equal to list one.
So when I use the identity operators, let’s say if I write X is lest one. Let’s see. What is the output that I’m going to get. I’m getting true because X is actually the same object as list 1 Now let’s try to write lists one is list to even though
When we have used the same values in list one and list two. Let’s see what the output will be. It is false because these are the not the same objects, right? Similarly. I can use list one is not list too. So here I’m going to get the output as
True because list one is not exactly list to even though we have the same values. It is not going to be the same object. So this is the concept about the DD operators now let’s talk about the next one that we have is membership operators in Python.
So membership operators are used to check if a sequence is present in an object or not now to understand the difference between an identity and a membership operator. Okay. Let’s first understand. What are the operators in membership operator we have in and then we have not in
So it is going to return true. If a sequence with the specified value is present in the object and it will return true if the sequence is not present. So let’s do do this in jupyter Notebook. We have already specified these objects. So let’s try to do
If x in list 1 let’s see what happens. It is going to show me that it is false because we have no values in X. So when I do the same thing with list one in list two now, you see we have the same values over here.
Let’s see what the output will be it is false again. Okay, let me do one thing. Now to check a particular value or a particular sequence. What I am going to write is I’ll check if 10 in list 1 so it is going to check
If this is going to be present over here or not. It is showing me that it is true. So what if I write like this 10 20 30 in list 2 it is false. So this is the basic difference between is that is then identity operator and membership operators. So when I alright,
Let’s say It is going to check if this is present in the sequence or not. It is showing false because it is not there. But what if I add this value over here, let’s say Now when I execute the same statement, I’m getting true because this sequence is actually present
In the object now to understand the difference between he’s equal to n the identity operator. Let’s see what is going to happen. What if I write lists one is equal to list to it is showing false. I have made a change over here. So I’ll do this once again,
So when I print this it is showing that it is true, but instead of is equal to if I write is over here it is going to show me false because the Are two different objects. So this is the basic concept of identity and membership operators guys. Now, let’s understand bitwise operators.
So bitwise operators are used to compare binary values or binary numbers. So this is a rather difficult concept guys. So I will be telling you about what are binary numbers first and then we will be moving on to the bitwise operators that we have in Python.
So these are the bitwise operators like bitwise and bitwise or so, these are the symbols used for these Operators guys, so this is actually what happens when you are using these operators. So let’s try to understand bitwise and operator first in jupyter Notebook.
So what I’m going to do is I’ll just try 10 and 12. So what is going to happen over here? Let’s say it is showing me the output as eight but it is not clear why we are getting this output. Right? So let’s understand what 10 is in binary numbers.
So when I write 10 in binary numbers, it is going to be 1 0 1 0 and similarly for 12 Is going to be 1100 now when I use the logical and operator but is going to do is if both the bits are 1 it is going to be 1
So in this case only first bit is 1 over here. So the output will be 1 0 0 0 and if we convert this to a decimal it is going to be the number 8. So this is the concept between the binary numbers guys. Similarly. I can use 10 or 12.
So what is happening here is I have these values. Let’s say 1 0 1 0 for 10 and 1100 412 now looking at first bits here. That is 0 0 it is going to be one. So all of these bits
In the output will be 1 1 1 1 which is exactly equal to 14. So this is the concept of using the bitwise operators where we are using the values as binary numbers. We are comparing the binary numbers now, let’s talk about left shift and right shift guys.
So this is what I write for doing the right shift. So 10 in binary numbers is 1 0 Zero, so when I write shift these two beds, I’m going to be left with 1 0 and when I convert this to Binary, I’m going to get the value as 2.
So this is the concept of right shift guys. Now, let’s try to understand left shift. So when I write this I’m going to get the value as 40 now. Let’s try to understand how I am getting this value.
So 10 if I write it in binary is going to be 1 0 1 0. So when I do the left shift, what is going to happen is it is going to shift to values and I’m going to Get the value as 1 0 1 0 0 0. So what is happening here?
If I convert this binary number to decimal I’m going to get the value as 40. So this is why I am getting the value for T over here. So this is the concept of bitwise operators guys. I hope you are clear with the concept of bitwise operators. It is a bit complicated
Because we are using the binary numbers even though I am telling you these binary numbers, you need not mention them while using the operators for example for these bit. Operators all these are written over here. Let’s say if you are using the bitwise and operator it will set each bit to 1
If both bits are 1 as I’ve shown you and then before bitwise or operator it is going to be one if one of the bits as one so similarly for x or it will set each bit to one. If only one of the bits is 1 and then we have bitwise not operator
Which is going to invert all the bits. Let’s say if we have all bits that is one it is going to convert all those bits to 0. And then I have told you about left shift and right shift as well. So this is about operators in Python guys.
Today’s session will be focusing on various Loops that are available in Python. So without any further Ado, let us move forward and have a look at the agenda for today. So first we’ll see why to use Loops. What is the reason of introducing Loops in the programming world?
Then we’ll see what exactly are loops and then we’ll focus on various types of Loops that are In Python namely while for and nested. I will be explaining you all these three loops with examples after that. I’ll give you a brief summary of what are the things
That we have discussed in today’s session. So let us move forward and see why we need Loops. Now, let us understand this with an example that is there in front of your screen suppose. You are a software developer and you are required to create a software module
For payroll processing of all the employees in your office. Now what all things you need you need. The salary of those employees the bonus then the total amount that they will get after the end of the month. Right? So all these things for each employee you need to print so for each
Of the employees you need to print all these three details now there are two ways of executing this task. So let us see, what are those two ways. So the one way is you can actually write a logic to calculate the total salary of each of the employees
That includes all the fields like salary bonus in total and you are going to write that logic for all the employees that are there in our office there might be hundreds of employees that are there in your office you need to write the closet
Or you need to write the code for all of those employees so this process is actually pretty hectic you need to repeat the same logic for total amount of employees are there in the office I’m just giving you an example of three employees but what if you’re have like hundreds of employees
So at that time this particular process will not work this will not only increase the size of the code it will make it more complex and less efficient now another way of approaching this task would be you write the logic to calculate the salary you keep on iterating that logic
For the total number of employees that are there so when this Loop runs once it will print the salary of first employee when the loop runs for the second time it will print the salary of the second employed similarly it will keep on repeating so
If you have a hundred employees it will repeat four hundred times now what advantage we get here the major advantage that we get here is we don’t need to write the logic for each employee in order to calculate the salary In right one logic and keep on repeating it for all the employees.
So this way the size of the code get reduced. The length of the code is reduced at the same time. It reduces the complexity makes it more efficient and even increases the speed of execution. So this is just one example in order to show you why we need Loops.
So there are hundreds of thousands of examples that you can think of why we need Loops, right? So this is just one simple example that I’ve shown you in order to make you understand why we need Loops. So let us Move forward and see what exactly are Loops.
Let me explain you this with the help of the flow chart that is there in front of your screen. Now what our loops loops basically allows us to execute a statement or a group of statement multiple times. Let me explain you this with the help of an example
That is present in front of your screen. Now over here what happens the control comes here and check the condition. So if this condition is true, it will go on and execute the conditional code that is here. This is nothing but the statements that are present inside.
The loop so it will execute that. And again, it will go back and check the condition. So if the condition is still true then again, it will execute the conditional code of the statements president side the loop and it will keep on repeating until this condition becomes false and the moment
Is condition becomes false the control will move out of the loop and it’ll execute the statements are a present after that Loop. Now one thing to notice here guys is that they can be two kinds of Loops one is finite. This is actually the flow chart for the finite loops and another
Can be E infinite now in infinite Loops what happened? The condition will never be false. So at that time the control will never come out of the loop. So it will keep on repeating and it will never stop that is what infinite Loops are.
So basically the condition will never be false and do that. The loop will be executed infinite number of times. Now, there is one more way in order to categorize Loops that is called post-test and pretest in postage Loops what happened the controls will first enter the loop
And then in End it will actually check the condition. But in pretest Loops the control will enter the loop only when the condition is true. So the condition is checked in the beginning of the loop and pretest Loops, but in post-test Loop the condition is checked
At the end of the loop now in Python. There are no postage Loops present. There are only pretest Loops. So we’ll focus on pretest Loops in today’s session. So we’ll move forward and we’ll see various types of Loops that are present in Python.
So python basically supports three kinds of Loops one is by 4 and nested will look at all these Loops one by one and I’ll explain you with examples as well. So first we’ll have a look at while loop. So while loop is basically used
When you don’t know how many I trations are required. So let me explain you this with the help of the flow chart that is there in front of your screen now over here what happens the control will move inside the loop only when this while condition is true
And when it is true Execute the body of the loop. And then again, it will go back and see whether the condition is still true or not. If it is still true then again, it will execute the body of the loop and we’ll keep on doing that until the condition
Becomes false and the moment the condition becomes false. It will come out of the loop and executes the statements that are present after the loop. Now. This is a Syntax for while loop first need to write while then you write the expression or the condition. Then you give a colon
And the statements or the body of the loop now why we use while loop Basically, I’ve told you earlier as well while loop is used when you don’t know how many I durations are required. So you don’t know how many times you need to execute the statements that are present inside your Loop.
So that is the reason why we use while Loops now, let me show you that with the help of an example. I’ll open my pycharm and I’ll give you a very basic example of using while loop and after that I’m going to increase the complexity of the code.
So first we’ll see a very small introductory example of while loop in which I’m going to print the integer values between 0 to That won’t include nine. So it will print 0 1 2 3 till 9:00, but it won’t include nine.
So let me open my pycharm and show you how to do that. Now. This is my pycharm guys. So we’re here as I have told you earlier as well. I’m going to print the integer values between 0 to 9, but that won’t include nine. So for that
What I need to do is I need to First Define a variable. Let me name it as count and I’m going to initialize value to it. That is 0 now after that. I’m going to use the while loop and I’ll write while And then I’m going to give a condition
Which says that when count becomes greater than nine. It should come out of the loop. Alright, so now what I’m going to do is I’m going to just type in print Let It Be number colon comma print count, right? Now, I’m going to increment the value of count count
Equal to count plus 1. Yep. Now when I come out of the loop, I want to print say goodbye. Yeah looks fine. Now. Let me tell you what I have done here. I have defined a variable and I have initialize the value zero to it. After that. I have used a while loop
In which I have given a condition that says that count should always be less than nine because I want to print values between 0 till lines which won’t include nine. Let me tell you that so my condition says that the loop should be executed
Only when the count value is less than 9 the moment. It becomes greater than 9 than the control should come out of the loop. That is just a sent General syntax. I have given a colon and then I have written a print statement
That will print the count value and after that I have increased the value of my count by 1 and finally when the control comes out of the loop. I want to print goodbye. So let us see whether it works or not. I’m going to run it and
As you can see that it works. So we have 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 & 8 and finally when the control went out of the loop it has printed. Goodbye. This is just a very A small example guys now, let me go back to my slides. Now the example
That we just saw was a very simple example, so I’ll increase the complexity a bit and I’ll give you one more example. So let us move forward with that so over here, what I’m trying to do is I’m trying to code a little guessing game. All right.
So what happens in this guessing game, so there will be a random number that will be generated between say zero to 20 and you need to Guess that number so the but that you have guessed is less than that random number then it will print number is too small
If you have guessed the number that is greater than the random number then it will print that number is too large and the moment you get the right answer you’ll exit the while loop and you have won the game basically, so just a pretty simple example,
But this is a perfect example in order to show you why we use while loop because if you notice here, I don’t know how many I trations are required in order to guess the correct answer so at that time while Loop is a perfect solution to this problem. So without wasting
Any time I’ll actually open my pycharm and show you how to execute this. So this is the code here guys. Let me explain you each and every line that is present here. Now what happens first? I need to import a module that is called random in order to generate
A random number now over here. I’ve defined a variable n and I’ve given a value to it that is 20 because I want the random number that is to be generated should be between the range 0 to 20. Now I’ve taken one more variable and I’ve named it
As to be kissed and over here. It should be an integer types of written NT and this logic will generate the random number that I’m talking about and this will be generated between the range 0 to 20. So how can we generate will be generated
With the help of random module that we have imported. So it will be n random dot random plus 1 this will actually generate a random number between 0 to 20. So after that what happens I have defined one more variable guess and I have assigned a value
To it or initialize the value to it zero. All right. So now comes the while loop now in while loop I have given a condition which says that the number that I have guessed if it is not equal to the random number then enter the loop now, once you enter the loop
You need to input the new number the number that you want to guess again now if that guest number or the number that you are guessing It’s greater than 0 then again. There will be one more if condition which says that the number that you have guessed is greater than the number
That has been generated or the random number that has been generated. Then print number is too large. And if the number that you have guessed is actually smaller than the random number generated then print number is too small. Now there’s one more condition that is else, which means that when the number
That you have guessed is less than or equal to 0 then that means you are giving up so it will break it will come out of the loop and it will print sorry that you are giving up that’s when your game gets over and you have lost it finally
If you have guessed the correct number then it will print congratulations. You have made it. So let us go ahead and execute this and see what happens. All right, so it asks me for a new number. So it has to be between 0 to 20.
So, yep, I’ll type 10 and let’s see what happens. So it says number is too small that means it is between 10 to 20. How about 13? All right, so I have guessed the correct number and it says congratulations you have made it now over here as you can see
That it took only two I trations for me in order to guess the correct number, but what if it would have taken more iterations? I mean, I’m pretty unclear how many iterations it will take for me. So that is the reason why we use while loop because we don’t know
How many I trations are required now we can run this program again and I can show it to you once more. Us a new number, so I’ll just type in say 14. It says number is too large. So I’ll type in 11 again. The number is too large.
That means it is between 0 to 11. So how about eight guys number is too small. So now now as you can see that already three iterations have occurred and for the for titration definitely the random number will be somewhere between 8:00 and 11:00. So, how about 10?
N So congratulations you have made it and the control came out of the while loop and it has printed congratulations you made it. So we’ll move forward and see for Loops in Python. So for Loop is basically used when you know, the number of I trations that are required and like
While loop where you are. Not sure about the number of iterations that are required in for Loop. You know, how many times the statement that I present inside the loops need to be executed. So for Loop provides you with a syntax that’ll include three Fields basically or you can say three informations.
So first will be the Boolean condition then comes the initial value of the counting variable and then the incrementation of the counting variable. So as you can see it from the syntax is well first you write for name of the variable in the range.
Then you specify the range in which that variable should be or and then you specify the range that means from which point at which point it should be executed. So, you know, the number of iterations required then only you use for Loop now over here
As you can see from the flow diagram itself, the control comes to this and it will see the item from the sequence. It will execute the statement go back again, and then from Um the range it will pick up the next item again. It’ll execute this statement again go back and then
From the range will pick up the third item and it will keep on executing until the range becomes over or that is the last item from the sequence. So when there are no items in the sequence, it will go on and execute the statements that are present after the for Loop.
So this is how for Loop Works guys. Now, let me just give you a very small example of how for Loop works. I’ll open my pycharm again and I’ll start with a very small example, and then I’m To increase the complexity of our code.
Like I’ve done that in while loop now over here. What I’m going to do is I am going to first Define a list and I’m going to name it as fruits. So what all fruits you like guys, I’ll first type in mango then I like grapes.
And finally, I’m going to write and say apple. Yep. So this is my list which contains the three fruits mango grapes and apple now I am going to define a for Loop and over here. What I will write I’ll Define a variable safe route for fruit in fruits. Give a colon.
Print current fruit and type in fruit now when you come out of the loop just print. Again, goodbye. So I have declared a list and the name of that list is fruits. Now that fruits list contains elements, which are mango grapes and apple now after that I have defined a for Loop
Which says that for a variable named fruit in fruits. So this will give me the range fruits will give me the range as you know, that in the fruits list. There are only three fruits so I know it alight rate only Thrice first for mango then for grapes, In per Apple.
So this is the difference between the violent for Loop and for loop. I know that will take only three iterations after that print the current fruit. That’s all and when the control moves out of the loop print. Goodbye. It’s pretty easy guys. So go on execute this and see what happens.
So you have the current fruit first is mangoes incomes grapes, then comes apple and then finally print goodbye. So what I’m going to do is I’m going to increase the complexity now as I’ve done that in while loop as well. So I’ll show you an example first.
Let me go back to my slides. So what I’m going to do in this example, I’m going to calculate the factorial. Now one thing to notice here guys again in factorial. Also, I know how many I trations are required because if you see if I’m calculating the factorial of 5,
And I know that I need multiplication five times first. I need to multiply 5 with 4 then 4 with 3 then 3 with 2 and then 2 with 1. So this way I require only four iterations. So I know the number of iterations required
So it’s a very good example in order to show you where we should use. A while loop and where we should use for Loop. So let me go back to my pycharm and execute this practically. So this is the code in order to find the factorial of a number
So over here what happens first? I need to input the number that I want to calculate the factorial of after that. I’ve defined a variable factorial and have initialize the value to it, which is 1 now. I have defined a condition if the number that I have entered
Is less than 0 then print the number must be positive because I can’t calculate the factorial. Negative numbers, right? And again, I have given one more condition which says that if number is equal to equal to 0 then factorial is equal to 1 and then else condition says that when number is greater
Than zero then I’ve used the for Loop which says that for I have defined a variable I in range 1 to num +1 when I write num +1 the range will be between 1 to num +1, but it won’t include num +1 so it will only be including one till Numb.
Alright, so after that would have written factorial is equal to factorial n 2. I so factorial was one earlier than it will multiply by I I will also be 1 in the beginning and then again, it will go back and it will become 2 similarly.
It will keep on increasing until it becomes numb. So till that time we’ll keep on executing the loop and the moment it becomes equal to num. It will come out of the loop and it will print the factorial value. So let me go ahead and execute this and show you
If it works or not. So I need to enter the number. So let’s say I want to calculate the factorial of 3, which is 6 so if I want to enter one more number, so what I can do is I can start it once more.
So what I will type I can type again for So it prints 24 which is absolutely correct. So we’ll move forward and we’ll see what are nested Loops in Python. So python basically allows us to use a loop inside and another loop,
For example, you can use a for Loop inside a for Loop or you can use a while loop inside a while loop and at the same time you can use a while loop inside a for loop as well and a for Loop inside a while loop as well.
So that is basically what is called nested Loops now, we’ll have a look at the example of nested Loops as well. Don’t worry. So let us move. What an see one example of nested Loops now over here. What I’m going to do is I am going to write a code
In order to simulate a bank ATM. All right. So for that I am going to use nested while loop and what will happen first. You need to enter the four-digit pin and then you can perform the following functions. You can check the balance. You can make a withdrawal you can deposit some money
And you can even if you don’t want to do anything you can tell the machine to return your car as well. So let me show you how it is done. I’ll open my pycharm once more. So this is the code that I’ve written in order to simulate a bank ATM.
I’ll explain you each and every lines don’t worry about that. So first line is nothing but a print statement that says welcome to iron bank of braavos ATM. All right, and then I have defined a variable restart and I’ve assigned a value to it. That is why similarly chances are assigned a value
That is 3 and this is the balance that I’m going to initialize the array 67.1 phone notice you over here. You won’t get more than three chances in order to write the correct password. Now comes the while loop which says that when chances are greater than or equal to 0 at that time.
What will do you need to enter the pin? So you need to input the four-digit pin that you have and if that pin is 1234, then it will print that you have entered the correct pin now comes one more while loop which says that while restart should not be in this particular topple.
That is the value of restart should not be n capital n o small n o or capital N, so it should not lie within this particular sequence that is n capital N Ono and N, but we know that the restart value is y so, it will enter the while loop now over here
What will happen it will give you four options. First option is in order to check your balance for that. You need to press one to make a withdrawal. You need to press to in order to paint some cash or you need to deposit. Is it something you need to press three
Or you want your card back? You need to press for so these are the four options that will be given to you. So when you choose option 1 it will print the account balance so over here as you can see that your account balance is and the balance
That is there in your account. After that. It will ask you for restart. So you need to input that value so that will say would you like to go back and if you restart value lies in this particular Tuple, then it will break and it will print a Thank you statement.
But if you want to continue or you want to go back then you can press anything else apart from small n n o or this no or capital N. So if you press any other button apart from these it’ll actually go back and in the while statement
As you can see it says that it is not present here. So it’ll give you all these four options once more now after that what if you choose the another option in which you need to make a withdrawal. So for that what will happen you need to enter the amount
That you would write to draw which can be a float number. It cannot be an integer number. So that’s why we use float here. So you need to enter that value. And once you enter that value, it will check whether it is in this particular list or not.
That is 10 20, 40 60 80 100 Now by default. It will give a restart. Why because you need to enter the amount once more. So again, it will go back and I will give you all four options so you can choose that withdrawal option again, and you can choose a number
Which is present in this particular list now when you choose withdrawal equal to equal to One at that time it will again ask you please enter the desired amount. So this is for option two. Now when we talk about option 3, it is pretty much similar to the couple of options
That we have discussed before there is pretty much similar to that over here again, whatever the amount is that you want to pay in the how much of amount that you would like to pay and balance plus the amount that you are depositing. So it will print the balance
That will be equal to balance plus the amount that you are depositing again. It will ask you for restart if you press Anything apart from this particular Tuple, then it will go back to the while statement and it will give you all these four options similarly for option for as well.
Now what happens when you enter the incorrect pin, so there’s one more condition in the end, which says that if the pin that you have entered is not equal to 1 2 3 4 then it will print that incorrect password and it will decrease the chances by one.
So earlier you had three chances. If you press the incorrect pin once it’ll decrease your chance, and it will make it as to If you write the incorrect password then again, it will make it as trans requires two chances minus 1 which will become 1 and
If the third time also you do the same thing, then the chances will become zero and the moment it becomes 0 then it will print no more tries break will come out of the loop. That’s all guys. So let us go ahead and execute this and see what happens.
So, please enter your four-digit pin. So I’ll just write 1 2 3 4 and give me four options, which is one for balance to for withdrawal. I paint for to return a card. So if I want to check my balance and put in 1
So it has printed my balance which is 60 by 7 point 1 4 and then the restart value that I was talking about. It is asking for that. Let me just make it big for you. Yeah, would you like to go back?
So if I press n here it will come out of the loop and will break and if I press anything apart from small n capital n o small n o or capital N it will actually go back and ask gave me all the four options that were there.
So if I press y it will again give All the four options that are there you can see that press 1. So again, if I want to make a withdrawal, I will press to how much amount that I would like to withdraw say I want to withdraw 10.
So my balance has reduced from 67.1 for 250 7.14. So would you like to go back? So I’ll again press Y and it will give me all four options. If I want to paint something that is I want to deposit something and press three how much amount that I would like to deposit.
I’ll say 10, so my balance became again 67.1 One for again. It is asked me would you like to go back? No, I don’t want to go back so I can type in N so, yep. So it says thank you and again asking me for 4-Digit pin.
So let me show you what happens. If I die the incorrect pin say if I write one one one incorrect pin, if I write that pin again again incorrect again incorrect. So we have no more tries. It’ll come out since I’ve exceeded the chances that I was given.
So I was given three chances I couldn’t write the I’ve been in those three chances. So at will come out of the loop and it will stop so this is an example of nested while now, let me go back to my presentation and I’ll show you an example of for loop as well.
So this is an example of nested for Loop. So over here, what I’m going to do is I’m going to write a code in order to print the Pythagorean number between a particular range. So what happens is suppose if I want to enter the number 20, that means I want the Pythagorean numbers
Between 1 to 20. So Pythagorean numbers are nothing but the integers which satisfy a square plus b square is equal to C Square. So at that time it will print all the Pythagorean numbers that are possible between one to twenty three four five. You can see the three Square for square is equal
To V Square 9 plus 16 is equal to 25 similarly. It goes for 5 2013 6 8 10 8 1579 1215 similarly for 12 16 and 20. Don’t worry guys. I’ll go back to my pycharm and I’ll explain you how you can do that.
So this is the example of a nested for supposed over here. I need to import certain modules in order to use the square root function. So from math module, I am going to import the square root function after that last me for the number in the example
If you can remember in the slides where I’ve written 20, so that’s printed the Pythagorean numbers between 1 to 20 that same number It’ll ask me and it will print the Pythagorean numbers between 1 to n. So whatever the number n that I’m going to put in or given input.
After that, lll run a for Loop and it will say that for a which is a variable in range 1 to n plus 1 that means 1 to n that means 1 to n plus 1 but don’t include n plus 1 after that. There’s one more variable B,
Which is in the range a comma n that will not include n it will only include till n minus 1 so the square root C Square. I’ve defined one more variable C square is equal to a exponential to What a ^ 2 similarly B raised to the power of 2.
All right, and then what I’m going to do is I’m going to calculate the square root. And then what I’m going to do is I’m going to Define one more variable C and it will be an integer that will be the square root of C Square.
So if that c square is minus C square is equal to equal to 0 then print ABC. It’s pretty simple logic guys. Okay, I’ll explain it once morning. So this is an example of nested fought so over here. What I’m going to do is I’m going to first import
The square root function from the math module. I have to that I am going to input a number. So if you can remember in the slides have given it as 20 so it will print the Pythagorean numbers between 1 to 20 over here. Also, I will print the Pythagorean numbers
Between 1 to n. So whatever the value of Nu input that will be depending upon it. So the Pythagorean numbers will be depending upon the values that you input. So it will be printing the Pythagorean numbers present between After that, I’ll run a for Loop,
Which says that for a should be in the range 1 to n plus 1 that will not include n plus 1 guys. It’ll only include n so 1 till n plus 1 but don’t include n plus 1 After that, I’ve defined one more for Loop which says that for be in range
A comma n it won’t include n it will be tell only n minus 1. I’ve defined one more variable here, which is equal to C underscore square that is equal to a square plus b square. Now after that have defined one more variable C
And this will be actually the integer of the square root of the C underscore Square. All right, so whatever value that you will get here. Square root of that value will be converted to an integer value and will be assigned to see now one. If condition I will be using here which says
That if C underscore Square minus C square is equal to equal to 0 then print ABC that means that will be a Pythagorean number. So this is a pretty simple logic guys. Alright, so I hope you have understood the coda explain to you here now.
Let us go ahead and execute this and see what happens. Yeah. So the first number that I’m going to type in say five iron will give me all the Pythagorean numbers present between 1 to 5. So we have only one Pythagorean number that is 3 4 5 in that range now.
Let’s execute this once more and I’ll type in 10 here. So we have to Pythagoras number. There are three four five and six eight ten similarly. If I execute it, once more and a type in a big numbers say 25. Yeah, we have these many. Bye to Grandpa numbers
Between 1 to 20 fights will again go back to our slides and we’ll have a look at one more example. Now in this example, I’ll actually be using a for Loop inside a while loop. So what is this example, I want the bulk reservation of train tickets.
So I have like group of people who are traveling somewhere and I want to give their details such as name age and sex I want that to happen in bulk. I don’t want to give it one by one. I just want it to happen in bulk.
So for that what I am going to use is I’m going to use a for Loop inside a while as I told you earlier is where you can even use a while loop inside a for Loop. But for now, I’ll use a for Loop inside a while loop and see what happens.
So let me go back to my pycharm. So this is the code in which I will be using a for Loop inside a while loop the first I have defined a variable traveling so in which you need to input whether yes or no, so if you are traveling you’ll say yes,
Obviously and then we’ll have a while loop which says that while the condition is traveling equal to equal to yes. That means if you’re willing to travel enter the number of people who are traveling so you need to enter the number of passengers that are traveling
And that will be assigned to a variable num now they’ll be a for Loop which says that for Num in range 1 to num +1 but it won’t include num +1 enter the name and age and finally whether the person is male or a female and then print all those values now
One more thing here is again it will ask you whether you have missed someone or not so you need to input that whoops forgot someone so at that time you can write in yes if you have forgotten someone that again it’ll execute the loop again It’ll ask you
The number of people traveling in all these details if you ripen anything apart from yes that means you have not forgotten anyone and it will come out of the loop so it is a very small example but a very good example to understand how for Loop can be used inside the while loop
So let me go ahead and execute this whether you’re traveling I would say yes I am traveling number People traveling I would say three name is sort of Ages 78 male. Alright. So again, it is ask me for one more name. So I will say Neil. Age is 90. male or female Male,
Yep, so one more name I need to type in say I would type in Java tea. AJ is 98 Male female female and Yap. It will print all those details for me. So now it is asking have you forgotten someone so if I type in and say yes,
Then it will again Ask me the number of people traveling that means it is again executing the while loop. So if I would say the number of people traveling is one and I would type in the name of the person that was traveling so I would just say Siddharth whose age is 77
And he’s a male. Yep, again, it has asked me. So if I type in anything apart from yes say if I type n so, yep, it’ll come out of the loop. And this is how you can actually use a for Loop inside a while loop. So let me just open my slides.
And yeah, so this was an example of a for Loop inside a while loop. So let us move forward and I’ll give you a brief summary of what all things we have discussed till now. First we saw why we need Loops. We actually use the example of software module
For payroll processing in which I showed you two methods. The one is manual and the another one in which you are using Loops after I told you what exactly are loops and we saw various types of Loops in Python namely while for and nested then we focus on each
Of these Loops we started with while loop and I explain to you where to use by loop I gave you two examples of while loop similarly for for loop I explain what is that least four Loop how it works. It’s Tags and two examples again perform a loop
When you talk about nested Loops again. I’ve explained you the syntax how to use it and I’ve given you three examples for nested Loop is well, let’s take a look at the agenda for this session. First of all, I will start with star pattern programs and the patterns include pyramid half pyramid are
Glass dementia patterns Etc moving further. I will discuss pattern program with numbers. So instead of asterisk will be Using the numerical values in the patterns and finally I will explain a few pattern programs with characters or alphabets in them. I hope you are clear with the agenda.
Also, don’t forget to subscribe to a director for more exciting tutorials and press the Bell icon to get the latest updates from Eddie. Wake up. Now without wasting any more time. Let’s take a look at the star pattern programs that I will explain in this session. So I’m going to start
With star pattern programs in which I’m going to show you how you can play with the concept and make other patterns like half pyramid triangle. Glass bad didn’t diamond pattern and inverted pyramid patterns as well. So let’s take it up to jupyter notebook
And I’ll show you how you can make Star pattern programs and we are going to start with the simple pyramid program first. So now we are in the jupyter notebook guys. I’m going to start with the simple pyramid program. So I’ll write pyramid over here.
And in this I’m going to take one function and I will name it as pattern inside this I’m going to pass n because this is going to be our number of lines which I want in the pattern and for blank Cases, I’m going to take one variable. That is K.
I’ll show you what it does and we’re going to use a lot of for Loops inside this so if you’re not familiar with loops in Python, I suggest you to check out other tutorials on a deal breaker for Loops in Python so that you will be able to understand this better.
And I’m going to take one for Loop here for I in. This is going to be the loop for our outer rows. So I’m going to take this as range 0 to n and I’m going to take one more Loop, which is for J in range.
And this is going to be our Loop four columns. And I’m going to take this as K over here. Now. I’m going to print some blank spaces over here. So for this I’m going to write this and is equal to and after this I have to decrement the value of K,
And I’m going to take Take one more for Loop inside this I’m going to specify the range 0 to I plus 1. Because you’re going to move in the forward Direction while printing the pattern that we have. So inside this I’m going to print the Aztecs pattern which is the star pattern also.
And end is equal to this now one more important point you have to print backslash or backslash n in order to get the pattern right? I’ll show you what happens. If you don’t do that now, we’re done with the pattern function over here. I’ll just call pattern
And inside the red specify 5 and when I run this, I’m getting a pattern which is a pyramid. Pardon. So instead of backslash n if I write backslash R, the pattern will look something like this and if I just comment this statement lists, Get the output that varies.
So we’re getting the output somewhat like this. If you want to get your pattern, right you’re going to have to write it like this. And this is how you can make a simple pyramid pattern program in Python. So you can see this. This is the variable that I was talking
About to specify the spaces. So what if I write it as let’s say n minus 2 the output will move to the left side and if I write it as n Look at this. So this is what happens when you play with the space over here.
So I’ll just write it as 2 into n minus 2, so we are getting the pattern somewhat like this. So instead of 5 if I write 10 over here. I’ll be getting a much more bigger pattern with a pyramid shape. And this is how we can write a simple pyramid pattern.
So let’s take a look at the next program that we have which is the inverse pyramid. So by now, I think you have got the idea of how we are doing this so for printing the inverse pyramid, you’re going to go from Back to the starting.
So we’ll start with this one first and we’ll go in the backward Direction. So that will get one in the end. So we will get the inverse pyramid then so let’s take a look at how we’re going to do that. I’ll just take a function like I have done before
And inside this I’m going to specify the space as well, which is 2 into n minus 2. And I’m going to take a for Loop. So for I in range this is where the magic happens guys. You have to specify an over here because we’re going the backward Direction
And minus one and we’ll take the step as minus one as well. And if you’re not familiar with the range functions, please do check out the other tutorials on a diwaker for better understanding guys. We have a full video on Range function as well
And I’ll take another for Loop for columns as well. So in this I am going to go with the back our direction as well step is going to be minus one. And now I have to print and is equal to this now. I have to specify our increment in the K variable
Because we’re going the backward Direction. I’m going to take one more for Loop and for J in rain this time, you’re going to go with the normal flow, which is I plus 1 And in this I’m going to print my asterisk. And after this I have to just print the backslash R
So that my output will not be distorted and it will print of perfect pattern. So when I call my function pattern over here and let’s just say I write it as 10. Okay. I have an invalid syntax over here. Sorry guys, we’re getting an inverse pattern right here.
So in this you can see the output is towards right? So what I’ll do is I’ll just remove this and you will see the output is just like the other one the pyramid and we are getting the Most pyramid right now. So the approach
That I followed was I was starting from the end which I got over here and I got back to the backward Direction and in the end I’m getting the one stop. So this is how you write a simple program for inverse pyramid. Let’s take a look at the next pattern
That we have which is all right, start patent program. So we are going to follow the same approach right here. Let me just write right start button. So in this I am going to follow the same protocol. I will specify a function pattern inside the cell specify n
And now what I’ll do is I’ll just write for I in range. 0 to n for J in range 0 + I + 1 that we have written before as well. Now, what I’ll do is I will print my asterisk can any of you guess right now which I had
And I’m going to make because I’m not sure if everybody is familiar with the pattern right start pattern. It’s going to be looking like a triangle but mention in the comments if you had guessed right and specify one more outer rows function because we’re going to get failure. Unique pattern in there.
So we need to Outer Loops for Rose and two outer Loops for columns as well. So I in range. I’m going to specify the range as n 0 and minus 1 the step is going to be minus one. And inside this I’m going to specify for J in the range 0
And we’re going to follow the same approach. That is I plus 1 after this. I’m going to print asterisk again. And is equal to this. Trent backslash R. Don’t forget the backslash R guys. So if you have any problems in your pattern just look
At the print statement where you have specified backslash R. Now when I call my function pattern over here, I’ll specify tan again. Okay, I’m getting the pattern somewhat like this. OK we are not getting the output as I had expected. So I’ll just do one thing instead of 0 over here.
I’ll specify minus 1 so when I run it again, I’m getting the perfect right start baton. So this is how you write a program for a ride. Start pattern in Python and let’s take a look at the next program that we have which is a left start pattern.
So for this I’m going to take pattern again specify an and after this I am going to take one variable for spaces because we are going towards the left side. So what I’ll do is I’ll just write K is equal to 2 into n minus 2.
And again, I will take a loop for outer rows and sizes will specify the range as 0 and N minus 1. For the columns. I will take for J in range 0 to K. Trent end is equal to this because we want some blank spaces over there
And I will determine the value of K by K minus 2. You can modify these values for K and all these range functions as well according to your pattern whichever pattern you’re making do experiment with these values so that you will understand how it’s working.
So I’ll take one more for Loop for columns again. So J in range this time. The range is going to be 0 and I plus 1 and can any of you guess right. Now. I’m going to print the asterisks over here, which is going to be in my pattern again.
This is going to be n is equal to this and oh, Here, I need to print backslash R. So that my output will not look distorted. And again, I have to get the value of K. Right. So I’ll write K is equal to K minus one. Now I have to take one more.
I would to look for outer rows. So for I in range just like we did in the other program. Okay, I’ll show you why we are taking two different outer rows. So I’m printing a half pyramid until here and after this I’m going in the backward Direction like this.
So instead of doing this I am going to print some blank spaces as well. So I’ll be printing back spaces until here and then my actual program will start. So this is why I’m taking two Loops over here. So just specify N minus 1
Minus 1 and minus 1 for the step as well. And after this I’m going to take one more Loop for columns. And inside this I will specify a minus one and step as minus one as well. I’m going to print and is equal to spaces. The commitment value or increment the value
Because we are going to go in the backward Direction in this Loop and again for J in range 0 I plus 1 and after this I’m going to print asterisk. And is equal to this and print backslash are. I mean I call my pattern again say 10.
Okay, I have invalid Syntax for J in range. Okay, I think I have made a mistake over here. So I’ll just check my coat again. Okay, I’ll make this as minus one and move it a little further. So I’m getting my pattern right there, which is a left start pattern. So this is
How you can write a program for left start pattern in Python. And now let’s take a look at the next program that we have which is our last pattern program. So for our class pattern I’m going to print. pyramid pattern and on top of that I’m going to print or inverse permit
So that it will look like an hourglass so let’s take a look at how I’m going to write that so I will take one pattern function again specify n and I’ll just go with the variables for spaces and then for auto Rose I have a loop in which
I am taking the range as n minus 1 and step is minus one as well okay I made a syntax error and now four columns for J in range I’m going to take the range as K 0 and minus 1 okay we’ll do one thing guys I know for sure
That we need an inverse pyramid so I’ll just take this code copy this and over here I’ll just print this code so when I call pattern now say five I’m getting an inverse pyramid so now I’m going to take the code for Pyramid pattern over here
And I’m going to paste this after this this goes here so this is my art class pattern guys I’ll give you how a little distorted our glass so in our inverse pyramid beginning the six rows and in this very minute we are getting only five rows
So what I’m going to do is I’ll just specify this as 0 and N minus 1 let’s see what happens so I’m going to take it as n plus 1 so now we’re getting a perfect hourglass pattern and this is how you can write our glass pattern
In Python guys all you have to do is Understand how it works. And after that you can just play with the numbers and the spaces and you can make any pattern that you want. So now that we are done with our last pattern. Let’s take a look at a half pyramid pattern
That we have in Python. So it’s very easy guys. I’ll just take one pattern function specify an over here. And in this I am going to just write for I in range whatever number that you want. So I’ll just write 0 n and for J
In range The range is going to be 0 and I plus 1 and I’m just going to print my number over here. and inside this my asterisk and is equal to this and again, I have to specify a backslash or Now when I call my pattern function Spanish attend give you have
A syntax error again, I’m sorry guys, and this is my half pyramid pattern or we can call it a right triangle pattern as well. So this is how you can make a half pyramid pattern in Python guys. So let me show you how you can make a left pyramid pattern
So that you have to just add a simple code in which you have to specify the spaces like we have done in the other programs also, so I’ll just copy the whole code. They stood over here and four spaces. Okay, I’ll have to take a variable k 4 spaces
And inside this I’m just going to specify 2 N minus 2 and after this I will have to take one more outros do and inside this. I’m going to take the range as it’s going to go in the direction 0 to n and for J in range now, this is where K comes
Into picture and I’m just going to print the spaces that I want. I think we’re done. I have to determine the value of K as well. So when I call my pattern now. Just say Phi if you’re getting a different value here. I think I made a mistake guys.
Let me check the code again. Okay, I think I’ve got the error guys. So let me just comment this line and see if our output changes at all. It doesn’t. And this one as well, so now we’re getting the left half plane with pattern guys. So I had made him silly mistake.
So I was taking two Loops for outer rows instead. I just have to take one. So let me just make it as then so that it will be better looking. So this is how you can make a left half pyramid pattern in Python guys. Now, let’s take a look at the next program,
Which is a downward half pyramid. So we’re going to go from this line to that line in a reverse order. So that will get a downward half pyramid. So we follow the same thing. We will take a function specify any over here. And now what I’ll do is I’ll write
For I in range range is going to be downward Direction. So it’s going to be minus 1 and minus 1 again and for J in range. This is going to be the same I plus 1 Since you’re not getting any left pattern, we just going to print the Aztecs over here.
And is equal to this. Bring back slash are now when I call my pattern function. Let’s see what I don’t know. I’m getting over here. I’m getting a downward half permit pattern like this. And if you want to make it a left downward pyramid pattern,
You just have to follow this approach in which you have to specify a range and get this variable K and decrement the value and you will get the same output as you’re getting over here. Now, let’s take a look at the next topic or the next program, which is diamond pattern.
Diamond pattern in Python for this. I’m just going to take pattern again. And after this I’ll specify the spaces to into n minus 2 again for I in range I’m going to take the range as 0 to n. And again, I’m going to take the columns
Which is going to be in the range 0 to K. I’m going to print the spaces. And after this decrement the value of K. Now again, I will take one more blue four columns, which is going to be in the range 0 and I
Plus 1 and I’m going to print asterisk again for my pattern. And is equal to this and after this I’m just going to print the backslash are now. Let me just call my pattern function and see what happens over here. I’m getting the pattern like this to make it a diamond-shaped pattern.
I’ll have to make inverse permit on the downward Direction so that it will look like diamond. So I’ll take one more for Loop for that. I have to specify the K value again. So for this I’m going to take n minus 2 because if I take 2
And minus 2 it will look a little started. I’ll show you that as well. So I’ll take the for Loop for I in range now. We doing the diamond downward Direction, so it will be n minus 1 and step. Nu minus 1 as well and for J
In range it’s going to be K 0 and step is going to be minus one now in this I am going to print and is equal to this bring the backslash r for J in range is going to be 0 and I plus 1 again I will print my asterisk value over here
And is equal to this print backslash are so now that we’re done with the functional just print this. Okay. We are getting a very distorted image. I’ll take a look at what we are doing wrong over here. Okay, we have this one.
So for this I have to specify K is equal to K plus 1 and as you can see we are getting the diamond-shaped pattern over here and let me show you if I take the value of K as 2 into n minus 1 or n minus 2
The pattern looks somewhat like this to make it better. I have to make it as 2N + -2 should be gone. I’ll have to make a few changes over here to make it a line to the downward pattern. So what I’ll do is I’ll just remove two over here and it will look
Like a diamond-shaped pattern right now. So now that we’re done with this one. Also, I will show you a diamond star pattern. So there is a different approach to this a diamond pattern that I’m going to show you right now. So first, I’ll write the code and then I’ll explain
How I have made this. So for I in range going to specify the range has five and for J in range, it’s going to be five as well. Now. What I’ll do is if I plus j or or i –
J is equal to 2 or I plus J is equal to 6 or Jay. – I is equal to 2 so this is my condition is I have put it all in the if statement I am going to print my asterisk and and is equal to this else print
And is equal to this I think I made a mistake over here let me just take a look at the code again so when I print this I’m going to get the value as this so this is a star diamond star button so
What I’ve done here is you have to look at the picture over here so if you take a look at the rows and columns is going to be 0 1 2 and 3 and you have to you know identify the pattern in which you can make a statement
Like this so for all these values I’m printing this one so wherever we have a as tricks over here it’s going to satisfy This statement over here only then it’s going to print this value. So this is how you can make a diamond star pattern in Python guys.
So now that we’re done with the star pattern programs. Let’s take a look at the number pad in program. So instead of asterisk, we will have a numerical value in the patterns and we will start with some simple numbers program. I’m just going to take one function that is pattern.
And again, I’ll just write for I in range the range is going to be 0 to n and after this I will have a variable but before that I have to specify it over here. So let’s say x is equal to 0 and inside this I’m going to increment this x
By 1 now comes my program guys. So four columns for J in range. I’m going to get the value. Was zero and I plus 1 just like before and inside this instead of a stress. I’m going to print X. And is equal to this. Or because we don’t have spaces over here.
I’ll just write space now. I’ll have to specify backslash R statement. And take okay. We’ll just call our function over here. So we’re getting patents for more like this. I’ll just make it as let’s say seven. So we’re getting the pattern with numbers which is 1 then there is 2 2
Then this 3 4 5 6 and on till 7:00. This is a very simple pattern for numbers. Let’s take a look at a Pascal’s triangle pattern guys. So I’m sure most of you are familiar with Pascal’s triangle. So I’ll just write the code for Pascal’s triangle and inside the specify n again.
I’ll have to take for I in range 0 to n. For J in range 0 I plus 1 and inside this I’m going to print my function. Which is I and J comma this and end is equal to this. And after this I’ll just
Print now I have to take one more function guys. So my function is function and inside this I have n and K. So my result is equal to 1 this is the logic for Pascal’s triangle guys. So I have made the function for my pattern now. I’m just writing the code.
For Pascal’s triangle logic. So if K is greater than n minus k k is equal to n minus k 4i in range 0 to K Result is equal to result into n minus. I and so does equal to zero flow division. I plus 1 it’s John result now
When I call my pattern function specify not 10 let’s say 7 so this is my Pascal’s triangle guy so basically what happens in a Pascal’s triangle if you take a look at this one so some of these two numbers is going to be over here
And similarly for later purposes some of these two numbers is going to be here and these two numbers here so this is how the Pascal’s triangle will go on and for let’s say 10 it will look something like this and what’s your 20 look something like this
So this is how you can make a Pascal’s triangle pattern in Python guys so very simple pattern I’ve given you the logic also to get the third summation over here in this position so this is how you can make a pattern for Pascal’s triangle in Python let’s take a look
At a half pyramid pattern with numbers guy so I just showed you a half pyramid pattern guys it’s right here so I’ll just copy this code again paste it over here so getting When I call my pattern function, let’s say 10. I’m getting a half pyramid.
So what I’ll do is I’ll just write X is equal to let’s say 0 and after this I’ll just mention X is equal to X Plus 1 and instead of asterisk. I’ll print X space over here and we’re getting the values as 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 like that
But instead of that we can also make a diamond pattern with numbers as well. So we’ll just copy the code again. With this one. Okay. I’ll just show you over here only. So instead of asterisk. I’m going to print X and I’ll specify X over here
X is equal to 0 and here x is equal to X Plus 1 same here. I’ll have 2X is equal to 0. X is equal to X Plus 1 Okay, we made a mistake guys. and we have to change X over here as well give it
A space you not do this for 10 let’s say do it for 7 and this is how you get a diamond pattern with numbers guys so you just have to change the values inside all these patterns that I’ve shown you and you can play around with numbers
And make different patterns as well now let me show you one more program with numbers so I’m going to show you how you can make or descending order patterns so it’s very easy guys and just make one function with same approach and for I in Range,
I’m going to take the range as n 0 and minus 1 and again for J in range 1 and I’m going to take 1 I plus 1 again. I’m going to print Jay. And end it with space. print backslash or Call my pattern function
Specify 5 over here and you can look at this. We’re getting the descending order pattern. So first of all, we have five numbers. Then we have four then we have three two, and one similarly we can do is for 10 as well for any amount of numbers.
You can make it this as a descending order pattern, which is also a downward half pyramid pattern as well. So now that we’re done with this one. Let’s take a look at and binary number pattern program guys out of all these numbers. We are just going to use 0 and 1.
So what I’ll do is I’ll take one. action pattern and inside this I’ll take the range as for I in range 0 to n. Okay, I forgot to take that variable K is equal to 2 into n minus 2 after this for Jay. In range it’s going to be 0 to K.
And after this I’ll print this blank spaces. Is equal to this K is equal to K minus 1. 4J in range 0 + I + 1 I’m going to print one and zero. So instead of a stress, I’ve just written one and zero, so it’s going to print out a binary number program.
So basically what happens over here is we just getting the output as 0 and 1. So you can use any characters instead of 0 and 1 you can use two and three and you can use just 2 or 4 or 5 or any other number
That you want and we’re getting the value somewhat like this. So this is a pyramid pattern. We just binary number that is 0-1 and this is how you can make number patterns in Python. And now that we are done with number pattern programs. Let’s take a look at character pattern programs
Instead of numerical values. We will have a character value inside the program and there is a little more changed you can all just to mention it. Some variable or just like that you have to make sure that you’re changing it to integer value the character number. So first of all,
Let me show you the pattern for right alphabetical triangle. So what I’ll do is I’ll take function name in that pattern taken over here. So I’ll take the variable X as 65 now because 65 is the as Sky value for a so for I in range 0 to n
And I’m going to take one more variable CH and I’m going to change this x into the character variable now X is equal to X Plus 1. It’s easy for me now for and J in range 0 I plus 1 I can just print ch. Call pattern program.
Okay, let’s just name it as 10. We have an invalid syntax over here. So this is how I’m getting my pattern, so it’s starting from a and going until J. Because I have specified then over here. Let’s say I wanted as 25.
So we’re going until why and if I do it like 26, we’re getting the whole alphabetical pattern with a to z in a triangle pattern. So this is a very simple example guys, so I’m going to show you a character pyramid program as well.
So I’ll take this same approach specify a function pattern and over here. And inside this I’ll take the value of 2 N minus 1 or n minus 2 for I in range 0 to n we have forgot to take the eggs now we’re here for J
In range 0 to K print the blank space decrement the value for K and for J in range 0 + I + 1 Now comes the CH or character variable in which I’m going to change the X into character. And now I’m going to print CH
And is equal to this and X Plus is equal to 1 because we have not done that after this. I’ll just print my backslash R again. Now when I call my pattern function, let’s see what I’m getting. So we’re getting somewhat like this. Okay, so instead of 10, let’s just take seven.
So we’re getting a b c d e f and this is how we are going. The values over here, so I have changed a little over here. So I was incrementing the value of x on the outer rows, but now I have incremented the value in the columns as well.
So we’re getting a BC bef like that. Otherwise, we will be getting like a BB CC c b and so on so this is a simple change that I’ve done in this program so that you will be understanding better. So let’s take a look at the next pattern
That we have which is a case shape character program. So I’m going to print the pattern in the shape of okay. Using the asterisk again. So I’ve shown you that diamond star pattern in which I have taken if statement. So if that statement is satisfied, it’s going to print or k shape pattern
Which is going to look like okay shape with Aztecs in them. So I’ll just write the code for this. So for I in range, let’s see 7 and 4 J in range 7 again. So this is where the court begins and I’m going to specify if J is equal to 0 or
I – J is equal to 3 or I plus J is equal to 3 again. I’m going to print. Asterisk, Orange Grove asterisks. I’m just going to print a over here and and is equal to this else. I’m going to print. And is equal to this.
And now print so we’re getting the value of Summer like this. So this character actually looks like case shaped character. So instead of a I’ll just write as just again so that you’ll be understanding better. So this looks like a cake shaped character program using Python. And this is
How you can make a cake shaped character program in Python. So let’s take a look at one more pattern here, which is a triangle pattern program. So I’ll just specify a function again specify an over here take K is equal to 2 into n minus.
Two again X is equal to 65 for I in range 0 to 1. And CH is equal to character X. X plus zero is equal to one. Now for J in range 0 to K. I am going to print blank spaces and for J
In range 0 to I plus 1 I am going to print CH and N is equal to this print backslash or And when I call my pattern function, I’m getting the value like this. So this is how I make a simple triangle pattern. So let’s take a look at the last pattern
That I have in the session which is a diamond-shaped pattern with characters. So we just copy this code again in this is my diamond pattern. So I’ll just copy this whole code. And over here, I’ll just paste this when I run this. I’m getting the pattern somewhat like this. So instead of numbers.
I want characters. So what I’ll do is I already have X over here. So I will mention X as 65 and over here. I’ll take CH is equal to character X and instead of X will write CH. Let’s see how the pattern unfolds. So we’re going to follow
The same approach over here as well. So X is going to be 65 and we have ch is equal to character X and instead of X will write CH now in my print my pattern so I’m going to take this to another level. So I’ll just write 15.
So this is my diamond shaped pattern using characters guys. Let me quickly walk you through the agenda for the session. We’ll Begin by quickly understanding why we need file handling later. We’ll move on to understanding the types of files and guys. This is very interesting next.
I’ll walk you through all of the concepts of how files are handle using python will be making use of the code first approach to ensure that we understand code at every point of time will end this session by checking out how Eddie Rekha is helping Learners across the globe
So we can make sure you can get started as soon as possible. And make your learning fun. So let’s begin by quickly walking you guys through why we require file handling. Well guys think about this situation. You have a server running and you need to give access to someone
Who needs to access it remotely right or basically you need to walk with these files in general and say you need you need to have some import into your program where you’re actually configure an input for it. Well, if I had to answer this personally, how would I go about it?
I would be using files for a lot of my deep learning models to import my data sets into the program at all the time. So basically by doing this I’ll be making use of files a lot. So coming back to the basics again. How can we in put something
Into python the standard input the usual keyboard input right so you can key in anything you want. Well, there’s another case as well. Maybe even command line arguments to input some parameters into the code, correct? But what if you had to read lots and lots of data,
Which is not practical to type in at every point of time or even that it doesn’t make sense at all to type it all the time. The easiest way out of this here is to actually store whatever input you want in one place and keep using it as long as your requirement
Is met so what’s the answer the answers files guys. So guys this concept is actually very easy. I’m sure everyone who’s joined will take away some really interesting stuff about python that you can practically use. Working with fights basically opens another door among thousands
And each door with python opens up to n number of opportunities again. So now that we’re good with this and we started off on a really high roll. Let’s keep it going next. We’ll be taking a look at some of the types of files available in Python.
So we have images we have audio we have video we have text we have script and so much more right there is a key difference here. I want you guys to note check this out. Windows supports all of these files that I told and more well watch Ali unlimited to be honest.
But again, I won’t get ahead of myself here because there are limitations here as well. Now check out python. There are two types of files binary and text. So whatever is not text is binary as simple as that. So either a file gets to be a binary which contains obviously zeros
And ones or it can have A literal text well takes as in strings or anything while it for that matter. Picks fights are structured as a sequence of lines where each line includes a sequence of characters. And this is what we call as code or syntax. Right and every line
Is terminated with a special character what we call as the EOL. What is the EOL guys? It’s the end of line character a binary file is any type of file which is not a text file as I mentioned and because of their nature binary files can only be buy an application
That knows and understands this file system structure. In other words, they must be applications that can read and interpret binary, right? And now that we know what are the types of files are so we can start looking into more of this guy’s formally speaking. I think it can be Consolidated
As the operations performed on a file, right? So what all can we do? Check this out? It’s called as the crud operations. What is crowd well create read update and delete Guys. These are the operations which can be done with files. Will again there are many Operations as well
Such as copying a file changing the properties of a file or anything, but for Simplicity sake I have planned to keep this session really easy for all of the audience. So let us dive into python now. So let us quickly see how we can go about understanding the file handling capabilities
Of python check out this flow diagram to give you a quick picture of what needs to be done first. We create a file and later. We open that file. We work on the file. Well walking on it is basically reading or writing or anything for that matter and lastly we close the file
When we are done using it. Coming to python now creation of a file can be done manually by the user or through python for now. Let us consider that we will do it manually by going into the location and creating a file say like a text file later in this session.
I’ll show you how easy it is to make python create the file for us. So make sure you stay tuned till the end. So now we concentrate on how we can open a file with python guys. It is very simple. So we have an inbuilt function called as the open function
Which is used for this exact purpose. The open function takes in two parameters as seen here one is the filename and other is the mode and this on your screen is the syntax for the open function. So what do the two parameters mean one is the file name that you want to open?
It can be anything at this point of time, right? So it has to contain the extension of the file type as well. So this is compulsory and important. So make sure you keep this in your mind and second. We have the mode we know this means something
That has to do with opening the file, right? So check the check the screen. So basically these are various modes available to open a file. We can open it in the read mode the right mode the append more and even the create mode as well pretty straightforward, but do note
That the default mode is always the read mode and guys know that you can open a file in read mode only if it exists as well. If you try to read a file or something that doesn’t exist. Then python will greet you with a beautiful error message
And in addition if you want to specify if the file Should be handled as a binary or text mode then along with the mode as well. We can actually push into categories for it. Check this out. So we have t for text and be for binary T
Is the default value and B is for binary modes so we can have something as WT. So what does it mean so it basically says that the file needs to be opened in the right mode and the file that the python opening is a text file.
So we’re basically making the job of Been to be really easy in this case. So check out the example code I have here for you guys. Even if we do not give a mode as I said the default is the read mode. So these two tiny Snippets I have for you are one
And the same and yet make sure something exists before reading that guy’s or else you’re sure to hit that error. So check this out, right? So F equal to open and the file name is demo file dot txt. I don’t have a more here. This is exactly equal to having the read more
In the next example. And it is as simple and straightforward as that. So now we know how we can actually create a file and open it. Right? So let’s begin walking on it. Let us start with creating on how we can actually do a read operation using python.
So the read operation is very easy guys. So basically just like all the other functions and handling files in Python. We make use of the read function for this very purpose. But then again, there are so many ways to read a file to so
Let me so let me break it down for you. All right, so we can do many things here. We can read an entire file or read a few characters or need a few lines or any number of characters and lines together and so on check out this Sample code here.
So we have a variable right we call it file and then we are opening the file. It’s called text file Dot txt and opening it in the read mode. Later, we are actually going to make use of the print function to read the contents of the file
And print the same on the python console. Now similar to the previous code that I just showed you we have something slightly different here. Can you notice that five on your screen? What do you think the five indicates your guys? Let me help you out. So basically tells the python interpreter to read
The first five characters from the file and nothing else. Now check the old syntax. So here we don’t have the five. So we are basically telling The Interpreter to read every single valid character present in our file and print it out for us. So you got a good picture of what is happening
With the file now. Well, let’s quickly take a tour in to seeing this practically. So I’ll open up my pycharm now, which I use as the IDE to work with python where I’ll show you the code for all of these guys, you can basically make use of any IDs That
You’re comfortable with and even the console as well. It is your call. I am comfortable working with pycharm. So I’ll go ahead with that. So let me quickly open up the IDE and we can see the basic code to read the file. So as you can check out I’m here in my pycharm
Right now importing. The OS module is the first line This currently being unused right now, but I’m going to talk about this in the future session. So basically we are opening a file, right so we have a variable file. We’re going to open it and we providing the entire path
To the file present. So here the file is demo file dot txt. This is the name of the file W is the right mode that I already told you about. Let me quickly go ahead and run this. That ran fine, but you cannot see anything on the output right?
That is because we just opened it over out everything that is present in the file and we just close it. So we not seeing absolutely anything here check out example to importing the OS module file equal to open again. We are providing the same file here we had right board
And now we are having the read mode and here we’re actually printing it using the file dot read again. I will be walking you through file dot read in a second, but right now all you need to Is this will print the output on the screen for us if I go ahead
And actually run it nothing is going to be printed. Why do you think this happened? This happened because we actually use the right mode and we actually blanked out the entire file Quick Fix is to actually open the file as you can see nothing is present there. So, let me type in something.
So we love Ed Eureka. Let me save that quickly minimize it go back to my pycharm. Now as soon as I run this it is supposed to give me that exact output, which says we love Ed Eureka perfect, right? So with absolutely three to two lines of code,
You can actually print something on your screen how simple is this guy’s Let’s check out the next case. So again, it’s the same thing opening the file using the read mode and then you’re printing file dot read of Five Guys file dot read of five. Right? So I actually explained this to you.
So let me just go ahead and run it. We’ll check the output. We got the first five characterized UWE a blank space L&O. Let us try to make it more a nice to look at. Let me just quickly open up the file. Hello world. This is a perfect candidate for our example.
Yep, the quicktype. Oh save it exit back into the code. Now if I’m going to run this old code, right? So you’re going to get the entire output here. Check it out. Hello world. Perfect because we have read of blank now. We’re going to actually run this.
Because we’re telling The Interpreter to read only the first five characters of the first line for us. It is just printing hello how simple is this guy’s so now that we are actually done with this. Let’s quickly jump back to the presentation to see what’s next.
Well guys next I want you guys to check out the syntax, right? So this is what I love about python amazing readability and you can almost guess what it means and you can be certain of its in 90% of the time. So we saw how to read characters now,
Let us look at how we can read lines. Well read line will actually read each of the lines and give us a line by line output read line of three will tell the python interpreter to read only the 3rd lesson. And absolutely nothing else,
But what if you wanted to return every line in the file, which is properly separated and nice to look at. Well, you can actually use the same function only in a new form. This is called as file dot read lines function again, let’s take a quick jump back into the core
So we can see this in action. So check out example for on your screen. I have the same file demo file or text. I’m opening it in the read more and I’m using read line soon as I go ahead and run this I will have the same output as hello world.
Okay, let us step it up a little let me just change this hello world. We love python. and we love At Eureka so I have three lines. You’re all good. Right? So I’m going to save it close it. I’m going to come back here. I’m going to run the read line.
Again, reading only the first line cool check out example five. Now. This is where things get interesting import again. It’s all the same guys. So basically instead of the read line I have read lines over here. So the S is extra it’s going to read all of these lines angle.
It is going to put it in a really beautiful way for us to see check this out. Hello world is an entity we love python is an entity We Love Ed Eureka is another entity. That’s nice to look at right so instead of just getting
A gibberish output of everything in the line separating. It actually makes a lot of sense. So now that we’re done with this another quick hop back to our presentation. So guys. Next we need to check out our tiny concept on how we can actually Loop over a file object.
Well, this is another simple concept. So let me teach you this. We using the for Loop for this very purpose as shown but why would we want to do this when you want to read or return all the lines from a file in a more memory efficient way
And in a faster manner you need to use a loop over method. So the advantage of using this method is that the related code is both really simple and easy to understand right? So, let me take another quick jump into pycharm and check the single snip it out.
So we are back into pycharm and check out this for Loop example I have for you. So again, we’re sitting on the same file demo file dot txt reading it in the mode. So for every line in our file object print read lines,
So it is going to print the output for us containing all of the documents of our file as you can see we will have Python and we love Ed, Eureka. That’s really simple. Right? And with this we are actually done understanding how to open the files and read them in multiple ways. Next.
We need to actually take a look at the write operation, which is again, very simple and almost similar to the Reed method. Let’s start Writing to a file is as simple as using the right function guys similar to the read again.
So to write to an existing file we make use of two modes one is the append and the other is Right, which we already checked out earlier. By up and we actually add the contents of the right to a new existing content. And with right we just added to the blank file now.
I am sure there is a question in your mind right now. So what if the file that I’m trying to work on is not blank what if it contains some previous data and we make use of w instead of a pen. guys this will basically delete everything in the file
And overwrite it with what you’ve just put and this is exactly the first example case that I actually showed you so make sure that you use the mode very wisely in every situation right so here’s a quick example before we dive right back into code
As you can see we open a file in the right mode and we write two lines into it and we close it it is as simple as that right now again taking you back to pycharm and let me walk you through the code so guys we are back into pycharm right now
So check out the first example I have for you import OS already explained opening it in the mode of right so since we already have some content all of that content will be overridden with hello world and hello Again, so we’re opening it.
We’re using file dot right to right to content into it and then we will close it. Let me run this again. No output because we’re not printing it to our console. How do we check if everything is walking open the demo file? Hello world and hello world again, right?
So this is exactly what we wanted. But then again this looks a bit gibberish as I told you right? So we use read lines to actually make it look nice for us. Heading back to pycharm again. Check out the next example I have for you. So now this is to prove
That we are actually overwriting it again, which I’ve already told you and it is simple but still let me walk you through this. So we are working on the same file. We using the W mode and then we are writing your to it saying oops we have over a ton it.
Run it run no output. But in the sense the file is changed. So it says oops over it and instead of hello world and that old message that we printed. Let me get back to the pycharm again, and this is for creation and we’ll be coming back to this in just a second.
So let’s quickly go back to our presentation and then we’re going to be coming back to pycharm again. So we’re down to the last two concepts that we will check out in this session. The first one among that is for us to create a new file using python.
Well guys, even for the creation of the file, we need to make use of the open method. We already know that a is used for up and and W is he’s for right and now we have X which is used to create a file. But do know
That you cannot create two files of the same name guys. So basically it means that you cannot create a file which already exists check out the example on your screen and you will definitely get a better picture of it right there. So you cannot have two files
With the same name test file dot txt. This is not right. So again python will give you a beautiful error message and it won’t be so beautiful at the end of it. Let me dive back to pycharm and we can check out the example over here.
Let me change this we have something else right? So let me type header a card or text. I’m going to print new file into Ed, Eureka. Opening it. We’re opening it in the X more. So we are actually creating this file physically right mode to write something into it and close it.
So as I already know output check out the file, whereas the file called Eddie Rekha, let us your new file of a deal breaker. So it’s perfect, right? Let me quickly head back to the presentation and we can check out what’s next and then the next simple concept I have
For you guys is showing you on how deletion operation works with respect to files using python guys. Deleting a file is very simple and straightforward will require the OSD remove function just for this purpose. So yes importing. The OS module is a compulsion here. I have been using it all along
Because it is just a good programming habit. Use the OS module when you playing around with the file system the biggest mistake I have seen people do is that they usually go on to delete a file, which doesn’t exist again python pushes in an error message.
And that is not good at the end of the day, right? So it is very vital to know for sure that the file exists to do this. We just check if the path exists and if it does cool remove the file else print that the file doesn’t exist. So you cannot remove it.
What does this say guys? This is a very simple case of an exception handled by the user and this is a really good programming Habit to So all good, but can we delete a folder? Yes, we definitely can a folder with all the content inside. It can be deleted using the rmdir command.
What does rmdir stand for it basically stands for removing directory and the parameter here is basically the path and by the path includes the name of the folder which needs to be removed. And this is all of the operations you can do with python by making use of files.
Let me quickly conclude the session for you guys. So we started by checking out the different types of files and why we need to use files, right? So we also saw the different types of files again and how we can work with each of these types of files and all
Of the operations involved with this as well. Let’s take a look at the agenda for this session. So first of all, I Start with the prerequisites that are python functions and then I will talk about python decorators with a few examples. And finally I will discuss a rather complex concept
That is fancy decorators with a few examples as well. I hope you guys are clear with the agenda. Also, don’t forget to subscribe to our dear a car for more exciting tutorials and press the Bell icon to get the latest updates from Eddie. Wake up. So without wasting any more time.
Let’s start our session. I’m sure most of you are familiar with functions in Python. So let’s recall some of the important Concepts that are going to To be useful while working with the decorators. So the concepts that I want to discuss are first class objects and in a functions,
So in Python literally everything is treated as an object including all the data types and even functions. So the functions can be passed around as arguments as well. So that is why it is called a first class object coming onto the inner functions a function can be also declared in another function
Which is known as an inner function. It also resonates Around The Decorator, so we’ll get to that later. In the session, so let’s take it up to pycharm and understand how in a functions work and we will also try to return a function from a function
Which is actually passing a function as an argument. So let’s take it up to pycharm guys. So now that we are in the pycharm. Let me go to the presentation mode so that the clarity will be better. So first of all, let me talk about the first class object.
So I’ll just take a function named it as let’s say function one and inside this I am going to pass a variable name. So now I just want to return let’s say hello. So for this I’m going to use the string interpolation. If you’re not sure about that.
Please do check out the tutorial on strings on Ed Eureka so that you will be familiar with what I’m doing here. That is the string interpolation. You’ll see what it does. Now. Let me Define one more function. Let’s say Define function number two. And inside this I’m going to pass the same argument.
That is name. And now I’m going to return using the string interpolation again. Softer this I actually want to ask how you doing. I have to give two lines over here they should do and now I want to take one more function guys. So I will name it as function number three.
And inside this I’m going to pass function as an argument. So here I just want to return function number 4 and inside this let’s say I want to write Delano. Now when I print this I’m going to print function number three and inside this I’m going to pass function
That is functional were one now again, I’m going to pause function number. Let’s say three and inside this I’m going to pass the function number two again. Let’s see what the output is. Okay, we have an error guys function to is missing one required positional argument name.
So we have made a mistake over here. So when I open this now, I’m getting the output as hello dear Ilana and dealer know how you doing. So I’m actually able to pass the functions as arguments. So that is actually how we use the first class object.
We can use anything as an object in Python. Now moving on to the next example that I’m going to show you is for inner function. So how exactly do you use in a functions. So I’m going to take one function. Let’s say found and inside this I’m going to Define one more function.
So first of all, let me Give it a statement. I’ll say first function. And after this I am going to Define one more function and this is going to be function number two, or I’ll just write it as function number one. And after this I’m going to give one more statement over here.
Let’s say first child function. Now I’m going to go Define one more function. Let’s say function number two. And inside this I am going through print. Let’s say second child function. And let me take one more statement so function to and function 1 now when I print our function over here,
Let’s see what the output is. So first of all, we are getting first function that is the base function and then we are getting the child function and the first child function. So this is how you can use in a functions in Python. Basically, it’s a nested function.
We are using multiple functions inside a function. So we have one function over here and inside this we have two more chai functions. So this is a basic example of a no functions and python decorators. Is it going to revolve around this concept A Lot the first class objects and in a functions,
That is why I was telling you about this. I’m going to show you one more example, so I’m going to return a function from a function. So basically what it means is I am taking a function as an argument for another function. So what I’ll do is I’ll just write function and Define
One function over here. I’ll just write n and now I’m going to Define one more function. It’s a function number one. So I’m going to return let’s say and Eureka. Yes, and now I’m going to take one more function. Let’s say function number two and inside this function.
I am going to return let’s say python. And now let me take a statement guys. So if n is equal to let say 1 so I’m going to return function number one unload use this I’ll tell you about this later else. I am going to return
Function to so this is my function guy inside this I have two more functions. I’ll show you what it does. So I have a is equal to function inside the cell right one and now again inside this. Alright, let’s say 2 So now
When I print a and let’s say I want to print be as well. You’ll see what the output is. Give you have a name B is not defined. So actually I had to take be over here. So the output is Eddie Rekha and python, so I’m successfully able to return a function
From a function guys. So I’ve taken these two functions as arguments and this is how we can return a function from a function. So now that we are true with the python prerequisites. We’ll talk about decorators in Python. A decorator is a design pattern in Python
That allows a user to add new functionality to an existing object without modifying its structure. So decorators are usually called before the definition of a function you want to decorate let’s take a simple example. Able to understand how it works. So we’ll go to pycharm again. I’ll clear this off and okay.
Let me just put it right here. Now. I’m going to take a simple decorator example, so I’ll just Define a function. Yes. And inside this. Let’s say I want to pass a function as an argument. I’ll name it I Function One. Now again, I’m going to define a wrapper function.
This is my inner function guys. And this is basically The Decorator that I’m going to use here. I’m going to pause function again. So you’ll see what it does and I’m going to print one more statement of this. So let’s just say welcome to python editor acre tutorial.
Now I’m going to return wrapper over here. And I’m going to Define one more function and inside this function. Number two. I am going to use a print statement. Let’s say pythonista. And let’s just call a function Now function number. Let’s say two is equal to function one function
To so this is a very important statement guys. Now, I’m just going to call the function number two. Let’s see what the output is. So my output is hello pythonista, welcome to python editor tutorial, as you can see inside the wrapper function over here. First of all,
We are getting hello after the function which we have right here this one function number two, which we have passed in function number one. So this is my rapper statement guys. There is another approach to this using a pie syntax or we can call it a syntactic sugar as well.
So it basically makes it easier to use decorators in Python guys. What I’m going to do is I’m going to make a few changes in this code and you Understand what I have done. So after this statement that is returned rapper. Okay. Let me clear all this.
I can just write at the rate function number one, and now I’ll just Define my next function that is functional mode 2. And over here, I’ll just print pythonista. And now when I call my function number 2 the output is going to be same. So as you can see the output is same
Which is hello pythonista. Welcome to python editor a car tutorial. So what I have changed here is I have changed this over here. So I’ve used this pie syntax, or you can call it a syntactic sugar as well. It makes your job easier. So this is how you
Can use a simple decorator in your functions guys. So now let’s try to understand the concept of decorators in Python with a few more examples. So I’m going to take a program inside which I’m going to specify a decorator. Arguments, so I’ll just take function number one.
And inside this I’m going to pass function again. Now I’m going to Define my wrapper function inside which I will have arguments. So earlier I didn’t have arguments over here. But now I am going to have arguments inside this decorator. So I’m going to print hello again.
Like I did in the last program and I’m going to call the function again. So inside this I am going to use the arguments as well. And after this I’m going to print the same statement. That was welcome to Erica Python tutorial. And I will return wrapper after this I will use
A syntactic sugar function number 1 I will write and after this I’ll Define my function number two and over here. I will try to print statement. Let’s say all right, we can use argument over here as well and we’ll use the string interpolation again. Yeah, then I print function number.
To I’m going to specify a name as well. Let’s say the scene now my output is okay we have error which is function one is not defined. So basically this we have made a mistake over here now, it should work fine. So we have hello Wasim, welcome to Erica Python tutorial.
So this is a very simple example guys. So we have actually used arguments in our decorator. Let’s take a look at the next function that we have. So I’m going to use a function in which I’m going to return values from a decorated function. so I’ll just Define function function number
One and inside this I’ll pass function again and now I will Define a wrapper function with the few arguments let’s say and after this it’s going to work the same way like we did so I’m going to write print let’s say work so it will show us
That it work I’ll return wrapper and after this I will have that same syntactic sugar function one and I’ll Define my function number two here pass name over here and I will write print string interpolation get name and now when I print let’s say function number two with name let’s say python
So what is the output that we are getting it showing it work so now that we are through with the decorative let’s talk about fancy decorators in Python are nothing but the complex features of decorators in Python and to explain this I’m going
To take a few examples like class decorator and let’s talk about them one by one so we’re making a reference here so that we can use it for various purposes in the future as well so we are not using the parentheses over here because we’re making a reference to this function
So I’ll clear this up and we’ll talk about the class decorators now so there are two ways to decorate a class in Python the first one is is where you can decorate the methods inside a class and there are built-in decorators like class method static method
And property in Python so class method and static method Define methods inside a class that is not connected to any other instance of a class and property is normally used to customize the Getters and Setters of a class attribute so let’s take an example to understand this
So I will take a class I will make them more relatable so I will not use functions instead I’ll use let’s say Square And for my class over here, I’m going to Define few functions. So first of all, I’m going to Define an inner function and inside of self.
I am using one more variable that is side now self dot side is equal to side and I’m going to add a property over here. So this is going to be my decorator guys. So this is going to be my decorator. It’s a built-in operator case. I show you what it does.
So I’m going to Define one more function named as let’s say side and inside this I’m going to pass self and now again, I’m going to return self side and I’m going to use one more. So this is my setup function guys, and now inside this I’m going to use the side function
And after this I’m going to use the value. So if value is greater than equal to 0 I am going to get the side. Is equal to Value else? I’m going to print that there is one are over here. And now again I’m going to use property. And over here,
I’m going to Define area self again. And inside this I’m going to return the area. So I’m going to use self dot side and I’m sure everyone must be familiar with the what is the area of a square that is Side Square. So I’m using a double exponentiation operator over there,
Which is used to calculate the square. So if I make it as 3 it’s going to be a cube, but we don’t need that. So I’m just going to leave it at two now. I’m going to define a class method and it is going to have one more function.
Let’s say you win it. Square and inside this let’s have one movie. We will see LS and now I’m going to return. one we are done with the so we are done with the class which has all these functions and built in class decorators,
Like property class method and Setter and getter all those so I’m going to have square over here. I’m going to be specified side as five. Now. Let’s say what my side is. Yes, and I’m going to print the area as well. So when I do this my output is 5 and 25 now,
Sometimes it’s useful to have a decorator that can keep a track of state. So let’s take a few more examples to explain decorators in Python in detail. So I’m going to make a Singleton class using class decorators. So first of all, I will import found tools and after this I’m going
To define a Singleton class. So I’ll name is as Singleton. Now after that, I am going to use the function tools da traps inside this CLS. Now comes the wrapper function and inside this I’m going to have a few arguments as well. And after this I’m going to get the instance is equal
To CLS orgs and Chaos. I’m going to return wrapper again making a reference to the function and not calling it but I am going to use this to make an rapper dot instance. I’ll give you making a small Arrow here. no I’ll just write rapid dot instance
Is equal to none and I’m going to return wrapper again after this I have a single ton and after this I’ll have class 1 I’m going to pass and let’s say first is equal to 1 and let’s say second is equal to one as well And I’m going to print first s second.
So let’s see if we get true or false beginning a error guys. All right. I have made a mistake over here I had to add if statement That’s why we are getting this error guys. and after this it should work fine now. So it is actually true and we know
That a Singleton class only has one instance and there are plenty of Singleton’s in Python including true none Etc. So now that we are done with the making a Singleton class. I want to talk about nesting decorators. So in a function, you can actually use nested decorators as well.
So I’ll show you the Syntax for that. So basically what you can do is you’ll just write function one and you can write function to but you have to Define all those before. That you use after that you can just Define a function name and print whatever you want.
You can use multiple decorators by stacking them on top of each other. And now let’s take an example in which I am going to take arguments in a decorator. So for that I am going to import function tools and after this I will Define a function, let’s say repeat and inside this.
I’ll write number now again, I will write one more function. Let’s say decorator. Repeat and after this I will pass a function inside this and now I will make one decorator. Let’s say funk tools no traps inside this I will pass function and I’ll Define one more wrapper function over here.
And inside this I will pass a few arguments. now for range number value is equal to I’m going to return value of this and return wrapper making not using the parentheses again, and after this I’m going to return Deco reto repeat and again not using the parentheses. Now, we make our decorator.
Let’s say repeat inside this I’ll specify the number itself. Let’s say five after this. I’ll Define function and inside the cell past name using a string interpolation. We will have a name again. So Let’s just say I want to print my name again, or I can use python as well.
So just write python over here. Now when I run this we should not be any errors. So I’m getting it as python as 4 times. So instead I can use for over here you get it four times. So this is my repeat function.
So I’m using it as an argument to times also we can use it for 20 times as well. So it is always useful to pass an argument in a decorator. Everything in the world of programming requires a name, but still there are a few Anonymous Mysteries Lambda functions
Or Lambda expressions are one of these kind of entities that are in fact nameless. So before we begin just make sure guys that you subscribe to our Channel and hit the Bell icon to stay updated with all the latest Ed Eureka videos coming back towards the session we shall first begin with understanding
What our Lambda functions or Lambda And why they’re used following that I’ll be showing you all how to write these Lambda functions along with some user-defined functions as well as some predefined functions such as filter map and reduce finally. We will be using these Lambda functions to solve some algebraic expressions. Okay.
So without any further Ado, let’s move on towards the first topic of this session, which is understanding what exactly are Lambda functions. Python Lambda functions are functions that do not have any name. They are also known as Anonymous or nameless functions the word Lambda is a key word
That specifies what followers is anonymous now that you are aware of what these Lambda functions are. Let’s move on further to see why they’re actually used the main purpose of anonymous functions comes into picture when you need some function. Just once they are created wherever they are needed
Due to this reason why the Lambda functions are A throwaway functions. There are also used within higher order functions which take a function as an input or return it as an output another very good advantage of using these Lambda functions is reducing the size of code,
And I’m going to be showing you all in this session how to do this. So now let’s move on towards our next topic which is to see how to write Anonymous functions. Lambda functions are created using the Lambda operator and its syntax is as follows the first thing
That you need to specify Phi is the Lambda keyword and following that you’ll have to specify the arguments or the inputs and finally after the colon symbol, you’ll have to specify the expression that needs to be solved Lambda Expressions can take any number of arguments. So as you can see over here,
My first example is a Lambda expression without any arguments in the second example. I’ve taken a Lambda expression with just has one argument a one finally. I’m demonstrating a Lambda expression which has inputs A 1 to a n just remember that all your arguments or inputs need to be separated by a comma
So now let’s move on towards our jupyter notebook and see how we can actually write these Lambda functions. I’ll just create a new notebook of here guys. I’ll just open a new notebook of here guys and I’ll rename it as Lambda functions. So guys now just let
Me write the syntax as a comment over here. This is going to be good for a referral purpose. So first is the Lambda keyword like I already told y’all. Sorry guys for the spelling mistake, Lambda and the argument. followed by the expression Okay. So the first thing
I’ll have to write down is the Lambda keyword following that I’ll have to specify the arguments. So let me just give one argument to this and after that I’ll just say I want to multiply this a with itself. So this is my Lambda function but before executing this,
I’ll require some variable that can hold the value of this. So I’ll just specify that X is equal to this Lambda function and after this I’ll say x of B and I’ll hit run so as you can see over here when I used X of 3, its return the output to be 9
So guys if I had to solve the same expression using a normal function, then I would have had to write a larger piece of code than this. Let me just demonstrate this to you guys over here. So I’ll just Define a function say new
And I’ll pass the parameter as a now I’ll be using return to return the value of a star a to call this function. I’ll have to use the name of the function and specify some value to the argument that I’ve already passed.
So in place of a I’ll pass the value as for or let me take it as three itself like the previous function. And I’ll hit run as you can see over here using Lambda functions. I just required two lines of code. Whereas while using
The normal function I had to make use of three lines of code along with this return statement over here. Okay, so guys, I hope you all have understood how to write these Lambda functions. So guys as you all have just seen I’ve used Lambda expressions
In the example along with some other variable X now, I did this because these functions are nameless and Acquire some name to be called but doesn’t it seem confusing as to why a assign a name to a nameless function? And what is the need of it? It’s a legitimate question guys,
But the point is this is not the right way of using Anonymous functions Anonymous functions. Like I’ve already told y’all are best used with in higher order functions these functions either take a function as an input or return it as an output to demonstrate this.
Let me just move on towards our next topic of this session. First thing that we’re going to study is anonymous functions within user-defined functions. So as you all can see on the screen, I have a user-defined function that takes the Lambda function as an input in this example over
Here the normal python function which in my case is new funk takes one argument X this argument is then added to some unknown argument which is supplied through the Lambda function. Let me just jump onto my jupyter notebook to explain this in detail. Let me just first create a heading over here guys.
Just remember the number of prefixed ashes tells which heading it is. So if it is H1, it will have one hash prefixed to it. If it has to then it’s h 2 and so on so I’ll just create a heading over here of H1 level and I’ll give the name as user-defined functions.
Or Lambda within user-defined functions Lambda Within user-defined So I hope you guys know what are user-defined functions. Okay. So as you all know when you have to create a function in Python, you’ll have to use the d e f keyword followed by the name of the function.
I’ll just name the function as a and I’ll pass one parameter to its ax after that. I’ll be using the return statement and within this I’ll specify a Lambda function. I’ll pass y as the argument to this Lambda function and I’ll use X Plus y as my expression now.
Let me just give some value to the variable X and store it in another variable T So a of 4 and a I spent the value of T of 9 or sorry eight and I’ll hit run. So as you all can see on the screen, the Lambda function
That is used within the function a is called Whenever I Call this higher order function, and the first thing that I’m doing over here is passing a value to the variable X and then I’m printing the value of x plus y so, I hope everyone’s understood this part. Okay.
Now let me just copy this function and pass a few other values to this as well. I just ordered a new value in the variable you and I’ll pass the value for x as say seven and I’ll print. Two of five and I hit run. Okay, so I hope everyone’s clear with this.
If you have any doubts, please do let me know in the chat box at my team is here to help you. Now let’s move on towards the next topic which is using Lambda functions within filter map and reduce functions. The filter method is used to filter the given iterables,
Which can either be lists set Etc. Now this is done with the help of another function which is passed as an argument to test all the elements to be either true or false after applying the function to the set of iterables. If the value is true,
Then that value is returned in the output now, let me just jump onto my Jupiter. Notebook and use the Lambda function within the filter method. I’ll just give a new heading over here again. Just for your reference guys. I will create a heading of H2 level by prefixing it by two hash characters.
So I’ll just use Lambda Within. filter and since this is a method like I already told you all the filter function needs iterables now here, I’ll just create a list. I’ll say my list. And I’ll specify some elements to this. The filter method is going to check for all the elements
To either be true or false in accordance to the expression that is passed within the Lambda function. Like I already told you all the filter method is going to check if the expression that is specified within the Lambda function is either true or false for all the elements
That are present within my list and it returns all the elements that satisfies the expression. So as a result, I’ll have a new list. So I’ll just name it as a new list. And I’ll use the filter function and within this I’ll be using the Lambda function. Like I already told you all.
Let me just specify the input as a and the given expression over here. Say a I just want to check if any of these values when divided by 3 will equate to to and I’ll pass my list and I’ll pass my list as an argument to this.
And since the output is going to be a list. I’ll just use the list method over here. And one more point. I want you guys to note is the syntax of the filter function. And since I forgot to specify this before beginning the demonstration,
Let me just specify the syntax of this function over here. I’ll see syntax. You have to use the filter keyword along with some function. followed by the iterables Okay, so as you can see over here, I have the filter keyword. I have the function which is Lambda
And then I’ve passed my list as the iterables to this function. Now, let me just print the new list. And I’ll hit run. Sorry guys have made a spelling mistake of here. So it’s fi lter. so as you can see over here I’ve passed the elements 1 2 3 4
5 & 6 to this filter method and after checking if this expression is true for all the iterables it has returned six as the output now let me just cross check over here so if I divide 1 by 3 I will not get a result
Which is equal to 2 similarly if I divide 2 by 3 I’m not going to get the result as to again finally as we all know if I divide all these these elements by three only for six I’ll get the output as too
So I hope everyone’s clear with how to use the Lambda function within the filter function So now let’s get back to our presentation and see how we can use the Lambda function within the map function guys. The map function in Python is a function that applies a given function to all the iterables
And returns a new list. So I hope you’re understanding what exactly it does. It takes a function as the input and some iterables as well. And then it applies this function to the set of iterables that are passed and it returns a new list. So now let’s get back to Jupiter.
And do the same I’ll create a new heading of course. And it’s going to be Lambda within map. And I had to run so before moving on towards the demonstration. I’ll just write the Syntax for the map function. So it has to have the map keyword, of course. And the parameters
That are passed to it is a function and the iterables. Now, let me just make use of the same list which I was using previously and I’ll copy that over here and then I’ll just store the output in a new list p and I lose the list function
Since I want the output to be a list within this I’ll use the map function and to that map function. I’ll pass a Lambda function as the input. I just passed one argument to this as a and the condition I’m going to specify
Is to check if any element present within my list divided by 3 is not equal to 2 and I’ll pass my list as the set of iterables. And then finally, I’ll be printing this. Now, let me hit run. So as you all can see over here,
It has returned a list with some Boolean values. The expression that I wanted to check is a pi/3 not equal to 2 now. Let me just move on to my list and see what happens when I divide 1 by 3, of course, I’m not going to get to so I have true
As the output now when I divide 2 by 3 again, I’m not going to have the outputs as to and therefore I have true as the Boolean value for this. similarly all the elements present in my list are divided by 3 and it’s going to check if the condition is true therefore only
For six is going to be false and I have the output as false okay so I hope you guys have understood how to use the Lambda function within the map function if you have any doubts please do let me know the chat box guys and my team will revert to you okay
Now let me just jump on towards our next topic which is using Lambda function within the reduce function so guys the reduce function is used to apply some other function that is passed as a parameter to it to a list of iterables and finally it returns a single value
And to demonstrate this I’ll just jump onto my jupyter notebook again and I’ll create a heading This is going to be Lambda with introduced. And I had to run so first. Let me just write the syntax of this function. It is the reduce keyword. And it takes a function as a parameter.
The first parameter is a function. And second is a sequence now to make use of the reduce function. You’ll have to import the funk tools library or from that Library. You’ll have to import the reduce function to do this. I’ll be using from Funk tools. import reduce you can also directly import
The funk tools Library as import Funk tools or you can also use from Funk tools import Star these are just the alternate ways that you can also use over here okay so now I’ll be using the reduce function and within this I’ll specify a Lambda function pass
Two parameters A and B and let me just print the sum of a and b. And finally, it has to have a sequence as its input. So I’ll just specify a list over here. I’ll say the list of values to be 23 5643 ninety eight and one.
Okay, so now let me hit run and see what it returns. So as you can see over here guys, I have to 21 as my output. So what this reduce function is actually doing is it first adds 23 256. So guys the first thing
That the This function does is ADD 23 and 56. And the output of this is going to be 79. Now after adding these two values to this output, it will add 43 so 279. It’s going to add 43 and it will produce a new output. After finding the output of 79
And 48 it’s going to add the result to 98. And finally it’s going to add that result with one and Returns the final output, which is 221. So I hope you guys have understood how this function is recursively adding each value to the next value that’s present in the sequence guys.
If you have any doubts, please do let me know in the chat box. Okay. Now let’s move on to see how you can actually use these Lambda expressions or Lambda functions to solve some algebraic expressions for this. I’ll just go back to my jupyter notebook and I’ll create a heading over here.
Sorry guys. I’ll just delete these two kernels. And I’ll create a heading. I’ll just say Lambda for algebra. So guys first we’ll be taking some linear equations. So I’ll just create a heading as linear equations. So as we all know algebra, right linear equations consists of variables
Of degree 1 which means they’ll have the power as one. So now let’s just use the Lambda function to solve some linear equations. I’ll just say s is equal to Lambda. And I’ll pass the argument or the input as a and the expression I’ll specify as a star a
And I’ll use S of for and I hit run. So as you all can see over here 4 cross 4 is 16 now. Let me take a different linear equation. So let me just write the linear equation over here as a comment. So I just want say 3x plus 4y, okay,
So if I want 3x Plus 4y So I’ll have to specify some name to this CD is equal to Lambda and X & Y as the inputs. And since I want 3 star x + 4 star why? Okay, I have 3 into X plus 4 into why okay,
And then I’ll pass the values as for comma 7 and I hit run as you all can see 40 has been returned as the output when I pass the value of x as 4 and the value of y as 7 now. Let me take some quadratic equation. So I hope you all know.
What is a quadratic equation. It’s an algebraic equation with the degree to let me just give the heading as quadratic equation. Okay, so now let me just try to solve the very famous a plus b the whole Square. He plus b the whole Square so I’ll just say part 2, okay.
Now, let me write a Lambda function that’s going to return the value of a plus b the whole Square. I’ll just save it with a new variable X and I’ll use the Lambda function and the arguments or the inputs are A and B.
The expression that I’m going to use is a plus b and like we all know we will have to use double star when we use powers and then I’ll print this x I’ll pass the values of A and B as 3 comma 4 and I hit Run Okay.
So as you all can see I found the value of a plus b the whole Square using the Lambda Expressions. We love shortcuts and everything and with Pythons built. function it just gets more exciting and in this session you will be learning about three very important built-in functions namely map filter
And reduce so before we begin just make sure you subscribe to our Channel and hit the Bell icon to stay updated with all the latest Erica videos coming back towards the session we shall first begin with a small introduction to map filter and reduce functions after which we shall take a deep look
At each of these and see how you can actually use these functions along with user defined as well as Lambda Ian’s finally we shall try to put these functions within each other and see how it works so I hope everyone’s ready to start with this so let’s move on
Towards the first topic of this session which will be a small introduction to map filter and reduce functions okay so let’s move on the map filter and reduce functions are inbuilt functions of python these functions enable the functional programming aspect of python in functional programming the arguments passed are the only factors
That decide upon the output these Since can take any other function as a parameter and can be supplied to other functions as parameter as well. The map function takes another function as a parameter along with the sequence of iterables and returns an output after applying the function to each of the iterable
That’s present in the sequence. The filter function as the name says is used to create an output list consisting of values for which the function returns true the reduce function on the other hand applies a given function to the iterable and returns a single value. Okay. Okay, so now let’s move on
And take a deeper look at each of these functions and how you can actually write them in Python. Like I’ve already mentioned before the map function will take a function and a sequence as a parameter and it applies that function to the iterables that are supplied to it
As you all can see on the screen. I have a map function to which I’ve supplied a Lambda function as a parameter and a list of iterables. All I want to do over here is ADD 3 to each of the iterables that are present in this list
As you all can see I’ll have an output list with three added to each iterable that’s present in the original list. So now let’s move on towards our jupyter notebook and see how this works. Okay, so I’ll just create a heading of here. Okay. So before I begin writing this function,
Let me just write the syntax first. I’ll just write it as a comment. So basically the map function takes a function and a set of iterables as a parameter. Now, these iterables can be either a set Tuple or anything here. The function defines an expression that is in turn applied to the iterables.
The map function can take user defined as well as Lambda functions as a parameter. Let us first take a user-defined function as a parameter to the map function. So just create a function of here. So I’ll use the keyword DF. Okay, so I’ll just name my function as new and I’ll pass
A parameter as a to this and I just want to return a star a now. I’ll take a variable as X and then I’ll use the map function. I’ll take a variable X which will be my map object and then I’ll write the map function
To which I’ll pass the new function as a parameter and the list of iterables. All I’m going to do after this is print X just to show you all that this is a map object and then I’ll print the list of x. So as you all can see on the screen X is
Basically the map object and the list of X consists of all values multiplied to itself. So I hope everyone’s clear with this instead of using the list function. You can also use other functions such as Tuple sets Etc. Let me show you what happens
When I used to pull as the function over here. So as you can see previously I had an output list and now I have an output Tuple similarly for the input iterables. You can supply anything such as lists. Pupils sets Etc. Okay. Now, let’s try to take a Lambda function
Along with the map function map function can take more than one list of parameters as well. Let’s see what happens when we try to do that. So I’ll just copy the severe and I’ll paste it and I’ll pass another list as a parameter.
I’m going to make a small change to the function of here. So I’ll pass two parameters. So I’ll say a comma B and I’ll say a star B now. I’ll hit Run Okay, so as you all can see on the screen these values present in the iterables have been multiplied
And I have a resulted to bill. So I hope everyone’s clear till here. If you have any doubts, please do let me know in the chat box and my team is here to help you. So now let’s see how to use Lambda functions along with the map function Lambda functions
As we all know are functions that do not Have any name they are also known as Anonymous or nameless functions. These functions are generally provided as an input to other functions. So now let’s move on and see how to use Lambda functions along with the map function.
Okay, so I’ll just take a list over here say LSD and then I pass some random values to it. I’ll take a new variable save I and then I just want to print the list of and then I’ll use the map function along with the Lambda function. Lambda functions are single line functions.
So we have to provide the expression along with the function itself. So I’ll just say x + 3 and then I’ll pass the parameter as LSD, which is my list and then I’ll just print this. Okay. So as you all can see on the screen 3 has been added to all the elements
That are present within this list over here. Now, let’s get back to our presentation and see how the filter function works. Like. I already mentioned before the filter function is used to create an output list consisting of values for which the function returns true. So as you all can see on the screen,
I have a small example with a condition where I want to print the values which are greater than or equal to 3 where I want to print the values which are greater than Or equal to 3 within this list present over here. So now let’s jump onto our jupyter notebook and see
How the filter function works. I’ll just create a new heading over here. The syntax of this function is similar to the map function. So basically it takes a function and the set of iterables as a parameter. Okay, just like the map function filter function can be used
Along with user defined as well as Lambda functions. So first, let us take a user-defined function as a parameter to this. So I’ll just Define a function of here. So I’ll say new one and I’ll pass a parameter say aye now if I is greater than or equal to 3.
I want to print the value. Now take another variable J. Which is going to be my filter object. And then I’ll use the filter function and I’ll pass new one as the parameter and I’ll Supply a tuple of random iterables to this. And then I’ll just print out. What is J. Okay.
So as you all can see over here, I just printed J2 which the output says that this is a filter object. Now if I want to return the values that are present within J. I’ll just have to use print Tuple of J. Okay,
As you all can see all the values that return true for this condition has been returned as the output of this function. So now let’s try to use the filter function along with Lambda functions. I’ll take a new variable. Say Z and then I’ll use the filter function
To which all Supply a Lambda function as a parameter. So I’ll say Lambda X where X is greater than or equal to 3. Sorry. I have to put this within brackets and then I’ll pass the same Tuple as a parameter. I’ll just copy this. This time I’ll print out the list of see.
Okay, as you all can see the output has been returned. Just make a note of your guys that last time I wanted my output to be a tuple and this time I just said print list of Z. So I have a list as the output of here. Okay.
So I hope everyone’s clear to this. Now. Let’s get back to our presentation and take a look at the reduce function the reduce function as the name describes applies a given function to the iterables and returns a single value. So here I have a small example wherein I want
To add all the values of these iterables and return one single final value. So in the first iteration, I’ll have one as x + 2 as Y and then I’m going to add X Plus Y which is 1 plus 2 and
It gives me 3 after the first step this output 3 becomes X and this input 3 over here becomes Y and then I get an output as 6 this process Will Go On Till all the values present in the iterables have been ready. Used to a single value now,
Let’s jump onto our jupyter notebook and see how this works. So I’ll just create a heading. just like before I write the syntax first so reduce it takes a function as a parameter and a set of iterables now one thing you’ll have to note over here is to import the reduce function
From the funk tools module so all I’m going to do is say from Funk tools import reduce so I have just made a spelling mistake of here Just like filter and map you can use reduce functions also with user defined as well as Lambda functions. So first, we’ll take a user-defined function.
Say a 2 which I’ll pass the parameters as X and Y within this I’ll just say return. X Plus y now, I’ll just take a new variable SAS and I’ll use the reduce function to which I’ll pass a as the parameter and I’ll pass a list of values.
And then I’ll just print s Sorry guys. I’ve added an extra come over here in our hit run as you all can see all the values have been added to each other and I have the output as 49 now. Let’s try to use the reduce function with Lambda functions.
I’ll use the reduce function directly over here and then I’ll use the Lambda function within this I’ll pass parameters and X and Y or this time I’ll change the names I’ll take you and pee and then I’ll just use Q star p and I’ll pass a list of values to this.
And then I hit run. Okay. So as you all can see all the values that are present in this list have been multiplied to each other and I have the corresponding output. Okay. I hope everyone’s clear till here. If you have any doubts, please do let me know in the chat box
And my team is here to help you now. Let’s get back to our presentation and see how you can use these functions along with each other. So first we will be using the filter function within the map function when I use the filter function along with a map function.
It filters out the values that satisfy. The condition which is present within the filter function and IT supplies that output list as a parameter to the map function. So as you all can see on the screen, I have a filter function with says I want to filter out the values
That are greater than or equal to 3 from the Tuple of values that are supplied as a parameter to this. I’ll have three and four as the output of this function which will be supplied as the input to the map function. Okay. So now let’s move on to our jupyter notebook and see
How this actually works. So I’ll just take a variable say C and then I’ll use the map function to which I’ll Supply a Lambda function first as a parameter. So I’ll say Lambda X. I’ll just say X Plus X you can specify any expression of your choice
And then I’ll use the filter function to which I’ll Supply another Lambda function as a parameter. And as a condition, I just say x greater than or equal to 4 I’ll pass a list of values to this. Say two three four five and then I’ll just print the Tuple of see.
So as you all can see the first thing that happened was filtering out the values that are greater than or equal to 4 present within this list after that 4 and 5, which is the output of the filter function will be supplied as an input to the map function
And then using the map function. I’ll add 4 + 4 + 5 + 5 which is 8 and 10 respectively. Okay. Now we’ve use the filter function within the map function. So now let’s move on and see how you can actually use the map function within. Filter function.
So when we use the map function within the filter function the set of iterables that are supplied as an input will be operated upon first by the map function and the output of this map function will be supplied as the input list to this filter function.
So now let’s get back to our Jupiter notebook and see how this works. So I’ll just take a new variable say d and then I’ll use the filter function. I’ll use the same condition again, so I’ll just copy this. And then I’ll use the map function within the filter function
And I’ll use Lambda within the smart function. So just say X Plus X and I’ll pass a list of values. Then I’ll just print the Tuple of t or this time. I’ll just say set of tea. So as you all can see on the screen, I have an output set
Which is a resultant of applying matte function to the given set of iterables and then applying this condition within the filter function to the output of the map function. So now let’s move on towards the final topic of this session. We’re in will be using map and filter within the reduce function. Okay.
So as you all can see on the screen, I have a small example wherein I have a reduce function to which I’ve supplied map and filter as the input functions Now the innermost function is the filter function, which says I want all the values
That are greater than or equal to 3 from the list of iterables that are supplied to it. So as an output of the filter function, I’ll have three and four to this output list of the filter function the map function produces a new list of iterables, which is 6 and 8
Which are obtained after adding each of these values to itself and finally six and eight will be supplied to the reduce function as a parameter. So now let’s get back to our Jupiter notebook and do the same. So just say map and filter with introduced.
Okay, so I’ll just take a new variable say are and then I’ll use the reduce function to which I’m going to supply a Lambda function as a parameter. So I’ll just say Lambda X comma Y and then I’ll just say X Plus y. Now I’ll take the map function
To which I’ll Supply another Lambda function as a parameter and then I’ll just say X Plus X. After this, I’ll be using the filter function. And again, I’ll use a Lambda function within this filter function. I would say X. I want to return all the values that are less than or equal
To 4 to this I’ll pass a list of iterables. Say one two, three, four, five six seven and then I’ll just print out our Sorry guys. I’ve made a small mistake of here. Okay, so now let me hit run. Okay, as you all can see on the screen first,
My filter function will filter out all the values that are less than or equal to 4 the output of this is supplied to the map function and all the values are added to each other. Finally the output list of the map function will be supplied as an input to the reduce function
And all the integers will be added to each other and I’ll have one output which is 20 generating iterable. Considered to be a painful task, but with generators in Python this task becomes very simple before we begin just make sure you subscribe to our Channel and hit the Bell icon to stay updated
With all the latest Eddie Rekha videos coming back towards the session we shall first begin with understanding what our generators and their advantages then we shall be differentiating between normal functions and the generator functions following which I’ll be showing you all how to create generators in Python.
Then we shall take a look at generator expressions and finally a few use cases which will be generating the Fibonacci series generating a stream of numbers and generating the sine wave using Seaborn along with generators in Python. So let’s move on towards the first topic which is what
Our generators generators are basically functions that return traversable objects or items these functions do not produce all the items at once rather. They produce one at a time and only when required also whenever a for statement is included to Do what a set of items a generator function
Is run generators have a number of advantages as well without generators in Python producing iterables is extremely difficult and lengthy generators make our task very simple. This is because the implement the emitter next and stop iteration methods automatically generators. Also help save memory as the items are produced only
When required unlike normal python functions. This fact becomes very important when you need to create a a huge number of iterators. This is also considered as the biggest advantage of generators along with this generators can be used to produce infinite number of items and to pipeline a number of operations.
So I hope everyone’s understood what our generators and their advantages. Okay. So now let’s move on to see the difference between normal functions and generators generators and python are created just like how you create normal functions using the d e f keyword but generator functions make use of the yield keyword instead.
For the done this is done to notify The Interpreter that this is an iterator not just this generator functions are run when the next function is called and not by the name as in case of the normal functions and like I’ve already mentioned before generator functions produce items one at a time
And only when required whereas the normal functions produce all the items in a single go now that you have a brief idea about generator functions let’s move on to see how to write generators in Python so as you can see on the screen green
I have a small example where and I’ve defined the function and then I’ve used the yield keyword instead of return so now let me jump onto my jupyter notebook and show you all how to write generators in Python I’ve already opened a new notebook of here I
Just reading the notebook as generators in Python and then like I’ve already told you all before I’ll have to use the d e f key word to define a generator function so I’ll just name the function as new and I’ll pass the parameter as a dictionary after this I’ll use the for statement
And I’ll use for X comma y n I’ll use for X comma Y in my dictionary and I want the items as well Yield. X comma y Okay, after this, I’ll have to specify a dictionary. So I’ll say a is my dictionary and I’ll specify one as hi.
And two as welcome You can give any values of your choice. Now after this. I’ll have to create a generator object for my function. So I’ll name that object as B and I’ll specify B is equal to Nu of a just to show y’all. What is B. I’ll print B.
And like I’ve already told y’all before instead of the name of the function. You’ll have to use the next keyword to return values from generators. So I’ll say next of B and I’ll hit run. So as you can see over here. The first output over here specifies that b is a generator object
And the second output is generated by this next function. Now, let me just copy this function again and I’ll paste it over here and I’ll hit run. So as you can see over here the first time I use the next function. It Returns the first key value pair of my dictionary
And when I used it again, it has returned the second key value pair of my dictionary if I try to use the next method again. It says that stop iteration has been called. Okay. Now let me take another example where in I’ll specify some condition. I want to return iterable
That satisfied that particular condition. Okay. So here I’ll just Define another function. So I’ll say it Define my funk and I’ll pass the parameter as a or I’ll use some of the name since I’ve used a last time I’ll use I now while the value of I is less than or equal.
Two three You defy so I have made a spelling mistake of here. It’s why I ELD. Okay, so he’ll die. Now for this. I’ll have to create a generator object again. I’ll say the generator object is J which is equal to the name of my function.
And I’ll have to specify a value for I so I’ll just specify the value as to after this. I’ll just print next of Jay since you all know that J is the generator object. I’m not going to print it again. Okay, so as you can see over here the first time
I use next of J. It has returned to as the value now just copy this. And I’ll rerun it. Oh, sorry guys, I forgotten to increment the value of I please keep in mind that when you’re using while Loops, you’ll have to increment the value of the variable
That you’re using as an iterator. So now let me hit run. So as you can see over here without incrementing the value of I when I use the next method it has returned to now that I’ve incremented the value of I I’ll hit next of J again
And as you can see over here, I’ve got three as my output now if I use next of J again. It has called the stop iteration method. So I hope everyone’s clear with this. Now, let me take another example where in I’ll have two parts in my function.
So I’ll just Define a new function. I’ll name the function as X and within this I’ll just specify some variable n equal to 3 and then I’ll yield the value of this. After this, I’ll make some changes to the value of n I’ll say n is equal to n star n
And then I’ll yield and again. I have to create a generator object. So I’ll just say V is equal to and then I’ll use the next method. So as you can see over here when I use next of v it has returned only the first value
Of my function now in case I use the next function again, it will return the second value which is present in my function. And after this if I do it again, it has to call stop iteration in case you want to execute the same function at once you can make use
Of the for Loop this Loop helps iterate over the objects and after all implementations, it executes stop it. Shouldn’t let me just jump onto my jupyter notebook and show y’all how to do this. Okay, so I’ll use the same function which I’ve used previously.
And after this I’ll use the for Loop so for X in v print X So as you can see over here after using the for loop, I have both the values that are returned one after the other the for Loop has not returned them simultaneously, but using the for Loop,
I’m getting into the function printing the first Value First and after that I’m printing the second value. So I hope everyone’s clear till here in case you have any doubts. Please do let me know in the chat box and my team is here to help you. Now let’s move on and see
How to use generator Expressions generator Expressions can be used along with for Loops to produce iterators. This usually makes the generation of iterables much easier generator Expressions resemble list comprehensions and like Lambda functions generator Expressions create an anonymous generator functions. Let me just jump onto my jupyter notebook and explain this in detail.
I’ll use some variable F and I’ll specify the values of this to be in the range of 6. after this I’ll just print list comprehension and I’ll end this with a colon I’ll use another variable Q when I’m going to store the values of list comprehensions
So to specify the list comprehension I’ll be using the square brackets so I’ll say X plus 2 for X in F and then I’ll print queue after this I’ll just copy these two lines and create a generator expression so I’ll just change the name over here
I’ll say generator expression and make a note you’ll have to change the braces too It Embraces and then I’ll print queue again. I’ll change the name to our and then I’ll print our As you can see over here when I use list comprehension, it has returned a list of values corresponding
To the values of F. And when I used a generator expression, and after that when I said print our it has just returned that are is a generator object to print the values using the generator Expressions. I will be using the for Loop so for X in r print X
So as you can see over here using the for Loop, I’ve generated the values one after the other whereas using the list comprehension all the values were generated at once generator functions. Like Lambda functions can be used within other functions as well. So in case you want to find the minimum value
Of our I just copy this and I’ll paste it over here and then I’ll say print. minimum of our So as you can see over here, it has returned the minimum value which is present in our and that is too so I hope everyone’s clear till here. Okay.
So now let’s move on and look at the use cases that we will be discussing in the session today. Like I mentioned before I’ll be taking three use case examples, which is generating the Fibonacci series generating a number stream and generating the sine wave using generators in Python. Okay.
So let’s move on towards the first one which is the Fibonacci series. Fibonacci series as we all know is a series of numbers where in each number is the sum of preceding two numbers. The first two numbers of this series are assumed to be a 0 and 1. So for example,
As you can see on the screen, I have values 0 1 1 3 Etc. Ok, so now let’s get back to our Jupiter notebook and see how you can use generator functions to produce Fibonacci numbers. Okay, so I’ll just give a heading over here guys. I just give the heading as fib.
Okay, and I’ll Define a function. I’ll name the function as fib. And within this I’ll just specify the first variable and the second variable as zero and one after this. while true I want to use the value of f which is the first number of my series after this. I’ll have to increment
The values the second number becomes the first number and the third number is the sum of the first and second number. So I’ll just use f comma s will become S and F plus s in case you have any doubts, please do let me know the chat box guys. Okay.
So after this, I’ll use the for Loop. so 4X in fib now I’ll specify some condition over here so that the iterators that I’m producing satisfies some limit so I’ll just use if if the value of x is greater than 50 then I want it to stop so I’ll say break after this
I’ll just print I’ll just print X and I’ll end this with a space Now, let me hit run. So as you can see over here, I have all the values of the Fibonacci series that are less than 50. So I hope everyone’s clear with this. Okay. So now let’s move on and see
How you can generate a stream of numbers. The stream of numbers can be anything from 0 to any number or even numbers or odd numbers? Okay. So let me jump onto my jupyter notebook and see how you can actually generate a stream of numbers. So I’ll just create a new heading over here.
I’ll name it as number stream. And I hit run. Okay, I’ll just take a variable a and I’ll specify the range of this to be hundred. After this, I’ll use a generator expression. So I’ll say B is equal to X for X in a I want
To print all the values of a within the range of a hundred. So after this, I’ll just print be. And I’ll have to use the for Loop. So for y in be Print why? So as you can see over here, I have all the hundred values of a now in case you
Want to generate only odd or even values. You just have to make a change to the range function. So I’ll just copy this. And I’ll paste it over here and to print even numbers. I’ll just say start from to go on to the hundred and in the range of two.
So as you can see over here, I’ve generated a stream of even numbers in case you want to generate or numbers. All you have to do is change the values over here. I’ll just say one. So as you can see over here by just changing the first value from 2 to 1.
I’ve generated a stream of odd numbers. So what does range function actually does is it starts from 1 it will go on to the hundred excluding hundred in the intervals of two. So I hope everyone’s understood this. Okay. Now let’s move on towards our third use case example,
Which is generating the sine wave using si bon and generators in Python. So as you can see on the screen using the normal function, my sine wave is going to produce all the waves at once but using the generator function I can produce one wave at a time.
Okay, I’ll just move on to my jupyter notebook. I’ve already written a function for that. So I’ll just paste it over here and I hit run. It’s going to take a few minutes since I’ve imported the numpy matplotlib and the Seabourn Library. As you can see over here using the normal function.
I’ve generated all the sine waves at once now, let me show you what happens when I use the generator function since I already have my function. I’ll just copy paste it over here. And then I had to run. So as you can see over here,
I’ve produced just one wave among all the waves that are present in my output. Now if I want to print another wave I’ll just copy this next function again. So I’ll say control C and I’ll copy it and I’ll hit run. So as you can see over here
When I use the print statement for the next function again, it has returned another sine wave. Okay, so I hope you are clear with this. Let me just print the sine wave again. As you can see on the screen the third sine wave has been returned. And then when I print it again,
It will return the fourth sign wave Loops, which basically stands for object-oriented programming system or object-oriented programming as its most popularly known is one of the most popular programming Paradigm now, although python is not completely an object oriented programming language, but still it uses major concepts of object oriented programming style as part
Of this now in this session, what will majorly be talking about our classes and objects classes in Python and object-oriented Concepts in python as well. Now, let’s first start about classes and objects now to those of you who are not familiar with the different programming Paradigm,
Two of the most programming Paradigm is object oriented programming and procedure oriented programming now. You look at older programming languages like C, or you can see Visual Basic as well. These followed procedure oriented programming language staff. We’re in what used to happen was that the entire program was divided into smaller parts
Are known as functions and the importance was not given to the data but the sequence of actions which were performed. Also what used to happen. There was that the entire process took a top-down approach as such but what happened is when When you’re programming languages came up,
They realize the value of the data and they came up with the opportunity of creating something known as objects. Now objects are quite similar to what you can relate to in real world entity as well. Now anything that we see around anything that has different properties can be called as an object
And hear how it differs from the older style. That is the program procedure oriented programming style is that it goes from a bottom-up approach? Which as well as there’s more data security as and you can use various operations, like data accessing data over loading data expansion.
And so for now some of the examples of object-oriented programming languages is C Sharp Java Visual basic.net and so far now, let’s first address the question of what exactly is a class and object now to help you understand this better. Let’s actually look at an example here now to give you
A simple one-line definition. A class basically is a logical grouping which helps us reuse and rebuild our data as part of the code now to put it quite simply it basically is similar to a template or a blueprint that we use once I have defined a specific requirement
Of my then what I can do is that I can go on very ating with respect to that. Now, let’s look at the example here now, if you look here I have created a class called employees wherein I have defined some of the most common parameter each of my employees will be Having
That would be his name. There’d be that age and they would be the salary now. I have defined a blueprint but it comes there comes a time where I need to implement this so and instance which is basically a entity of the class is referred to as an object here.
Now, if you look here there are basically three different objects, I have object one, which is referring to Sarah whose age is 37 as well. As salary is 10,000 my object to is John. On Whose age is 43 and salary is 21,000 similarly is Jessica
As well whose age is 26 and the salary is 24,000. Now, how does pythian implemented classes now again, go back to the definition a class basically is a blueprint for which objects are created. Now coming to the basic Syntax for how to write a class in Python. It’s quite easy
Because you just need to define the keyword class following which you need to specify the name of the class. Now, let’s go. If you take the previous example, the name of that class would be employees. And each of the objects would be created from that same class.
Now what I’m going to be writing inside the class would be three major aspects. I would have my class variables. I would have instance. World and I would have data members. Okay. Now these are the three major aspects to any class as such now if I need a variable
Which is going to be shared by all the instances of the class now do not get confused when I say instance. It basically is referring to the object itself. So here we refer to an object as instance now each if I want each of the instance to share a common variable then
I would make it a class variable but let’s say I want each of the instances. Has to have a specific variable. Okay, then I would be using an instance variable as such. Then comes the third part which basically is your data. Remember this basically is a class variable
Or an instance variable as such that actually holds the data associated with respect to the class and objects. Now without confusing you any further. Let me actually switch to my pycharm. Okay, and let me show you this by writing by defining a class here itself. So let’s start by creating a simple classroom.
Now, let me use the first keyword for defining any class that is class. Then comes name of the class. Now for today’s example, what I’ll do is I’ll create a class called cars, okay? So I’ve created a car class called cars, okay? Can you guys see this? Okay.
And here what I’m going to do, is that right now I’m not going to write anything. So I’m just going to use the keyword pass then comes the time for me to create objects for this class. So what I do is let me call an object. Let’s take Honda for it. Okay.
So this is the name of my object and then I’m going to specify to which class it belongs to so it belongs to the class car. And this is how you create an object in Python quite easy, right? Similarly, let me create another one. Let me call it start.
Okay, tata is also going to be of car. Okay. So basically what I have done here is that I’ve created two objects that belong to a specific class. Now time now comes the time when you actually assign values to these instances
Or objects are such now let’s say I want to add the name or the model number for the Honda car. So I’m going to say Honda which is my object following which use a DOT operator and then specify what instance variable you want to use now. Let’s say I want to specify
Model name OKAY model name is equal to I’d say City because I like Honda City okay now I’ll also add another variable which is year of manufacture so I’ll see you here M okay and this basically is going to be equal to Let’s say 2017. Now I’ll also add price. Okay.
I’d say about ten lakhs. Does that sound fine? Now, let me just copy the same and let me create an object for Tata car as well now here. Let me just change it to data. and let’s say this is bored Okay. So let’s keep the you’re the same or let me reduce it
2016 and let’s say the price is let me reduce it. I’ll make it six. Okay. Does that sound fine now? What I have done here is that I have created instances of the class or objects to that class. And each of these instances themself have a specific variable assigned to them as well.
So in this case what you see here is the model name what you see is the year and what you see is the price. So these are basically variables Associated to each of these instances as well. Now if I say just print and I say Honda Dot model name
Okay, let me take the price itself. Let’s try running this. Okay, it’s with respect to the definition of the class. Now. If you go back to if we go back to our slides here, can you see there’s a small semicolon here that we have missed out. So this is
How it is a single semicolon can make a lot of difference. Okay. Now let’s just save this. Let’s run it. Okay, I can see the price of my Honda car here. Now. This is a lot of pain for me when I’m working with multiple instances which have unique variables to them.
But let’s say if I have common values that needs to be created for all of these if I was using other programming languages, we had a concept known as Constructors, but don’t worry that same is present here as well with python. So create a Constructor use the following command which is deaf,
Which is basically defined. A function and use in it now in it is basically a Constructor here and what it is representing is that it is going to initialize the value of the variables. Now if you notice here, there is a keyword that is already added here
That is self self basically is a reference to the object which is going to be calling this function. Now those of you who are not familiar with functions can check out our video on python tutorials where we have talked about functions and also check Check out our python function video as well. Okay.
Now what happens is to this. Let me pass a model name. I’ll also passed the year manufacture. And let’s see the price as well. Okay. Now I need to assign the values for these variables for all the object. Now. If I need to do that, then what I need to do is
That I need to First reference the object. So that’s self Dot. model name equal to the model name that it’s getting so then serve Not yet of manufacturing. And finally self dot price. Okay. Now what I’m basically doing is that further my Constructor, I would be passing these three parameters.
So for the object or the instance, which is going to be created, please add these values for that. Okay. Now let me show you how to change this as well now, I don’t need this so I will remove all this. Okay, so here what I’ll do is I’ll pass Honda I’ll pass City.
Okay. I also pass the year of manufacturing is 2017 and let me pass the price again. same for Tata So what I’ve basically done is that I have generalized the requirement that I want now again if I run the same. What you can see here is I am getting the same output
That I had gotten earlier as well. So this basically is a Constructor that is going to be used when I have to assign specific values to my objects or instances at the time that they are creating apart from this if you want to create or you want to add any specific value,
You’re free to do that. Now, let’s say I want to add a new value. Let’s say I want to create Honda dot let’s say I want to add the CC as well the CC of Honda City which is equal to 2500. Okay. So this is also very simple. Now what happens here is
That I have created an instance variable for the Honda object. Okay. Now same thing, let me just say If I want to see the complete values that are associated to an object then what do I do is that I check the namespace for now. How do I check the namespace
For it is that I use the dictionary option. Sorry. I use a dictionary function. okay, so if I use tick function and if I run this then what you see here is that I have a model name, which is City. I have a year of manufacturing 2017. I have a price
And I have the CC Associated as a to it as well. Okay. Now what basically it tells me is if I use this object and request any of these values then this is the output that I would be getting same if I change for Tata. And I run this.
Then what you see here is that cc is not present. So I hope you understand the difference between both. Can I have a quick confirmation in the chat box? Okay, that’s great. Good to see that all of you are following it. Now if I have a class then
If I don’t perform any operations in it, then I’m basically not optimizing our using the complete capability of that class as well. Now. What I’ll be doing is that I’ll be creating a function here. So this function what it basically does is that it’s going to increase the price of my car so
What I’m going to do is that for defining any function use the keyword Def okay following which the name of the function so let’s say price underscore increase okay now this is a function but it’s going to be performing on itself as well so you self here
Okay and I’m going to start defining this function what do I need to do is that I basically just need to update the value of price okay so what I’m going to do is that I’m going to use self dot price equal to then I’m going to do
A simple computation let’s say the present self dot price Sorry about the typo. Into okay, how much do you think the annual price range would be? Let’s take a guess. Let’s maybe fifteen percent rise in that case. I’ll go with 1.15. Okay. Now I have defined a function here.
But what you need to understand is that it’s not exactly in the scope of the class. So Sorry about that. Now how do you identify if it’s in scope or not? It’s basically one of the he’s with respect to pie chart if I expand it,
Then I know what is part of the class and what is not so this is one of the major reasons that we recommend you use pycharm as an IDE as such. Okay. Now I need to increase the price. So what I’ll do is let me go back.
Let’s say I want to check the price of the Honda first. Okay, then what I’m going to do is that I’m going to call the function with respect to the class. Now. It’s defined to that class. So what I’ll do is that I’ll send this funk.
I’ll use the Honda Honda object to call that function now. Do you use any of the functions Associated to a class make sure you’re using the instance or object of that class? So Honda Dot Now you can already see here the different suggestions that comes to it.
Now price increase is the function that I want. Okay. And again, let me copy this and paste it. Okay. So again see the major issue here is it’s considering this. So if you just double indent it it’s going to set back. Okay, just save this and let me rerun this.
Okay, now it’s giving me the output so it’s converting at let me just add in here just to convert it to integer type. Okay, so the output should be converted to integer type for me. So it’s incremented the value to 1.15 times. Okay. So these are basic function operations
That you can perform with respect to python. Now, let me go back to my presentation and here let’s talk about the various object-oriented Concepts invite them. Now in this session. What we’ll be talking about are the three major Concepts which is inheritance encapsulation and abstraction. Now when we come down to inheritance inheritance,
Basically is the ability or The opportunity for any class to inherit the attributes and behaviors from the parent class. Now when I talk about a parent class it refers to a superclass as such. Okay, so let’s take cars itself for an example. But before that let’s look at the example here.
Now your parent becomes a base class and Son becomes the derived class as such this is same that will be implementing in our program as well. So in our pycharm, what I’ll do is that I’m going to create new class and let me call it super car but
If it has to inherit it the properties that are present in the car class then what I need to do is that I need to specify car here okay that means it becomes the parent for the supercars okay so here I’m not going to Define anything I’m just going to say pass and
Let me remove this from here And let me add it here. Okay, now rather than making Honda as instance of car class. Let me let me make it of the Supercar class. Okay. Now I have not defined an init operation on nor I have I initiated the values for these variables as well.
Okay. So what I’m going to do is that let me just try running this. Okay. Let me remove this. Okay, and let me just print. the namespace for Honda Which is Honda Dot? Before that, let me just show you. Let me just print one of the values itself first
Before I show you the name space completely. Let’s say on Dot. here Okay. So your of manufacturing is defined here. I have not explicitly defined in the child class. But let me make sure let me just run this and let’s see the output. Okay, so here basically it’s just passing it.
Ah spelling mistake. Let’s rerun this now here. What is happening is that it is referencing to its parent. Okay now to get a better understanding of what exactly is happening here. Okay, we’re going to use something interesting. What we’re basically going to do is that we’re going to use the help function.
Print help and here. What I’m going to do is that I’m going to pass Honda. Let me just comment this. Now this is something that I really want to show you guys. Okay. Now if you see here what is happening is that it’s showing me the method resolution order.
So basically it’s showing me how it is going to follow the sequence of operations first. It is going to check in Supercar for init method, but I have not defined it here. So what it’s going to do is that it’s going to refer the car class
If it is not defined there as well, then it will go back to the parent. Class for all objects with this built-in dot objects. This is the parent class that is going to be inherited by all the classes used in this language as such so it’s found the init method present in cars.
Okay, and it’s shown methods inherited from class is the initiative in it method and it has initialized itself. Okay. Now this is basically the sequence of operations that happen as well. Now when I create Define any Function with respect to the child class is going to check the child class.
If it is not present then it’s going to check the parent glass as such now, it can be anything as such it can also be the price increase as well. and okay. Okay, let me just comment this section out. So here again, it has inherited this method as well. Now, let’s say
If you do want to Define an init method as part of the class, then what you basically do is that you follow the same sequence you right defined. Okay, following which you use in it? Then you specify the parameters. It has to take. okay, and then what you basically do is
That you shouldn’t actually copy this entire code and replace it here. What you can do is that you can use the keyword super. . In it. Okay. So what I’m referring to is that it should call the init function present in the superclass. Okay, in that case,
What I’m going to do is that I need to pass the parameters here as well. So I’m going to pass the model name. I’m going to pass. The year of manufacturing as well as I’m going to pass the price as well. Now this is basically to reduce the code
That you’re going to be writing as such now apart from this. Let’s say there are few other variables that are going to be taking let’s say I’m going to include CC as part of my super class then what I can do is that I can write here self.
Dot cc is equal to CC so I am basically building on what is already present and this is one of the major aspects that you can use inheritance for this in turn reduces a lot of codependency as well and is one of the most popular and major factor for any programming language
That uses object-oriented programming systems okay now coming back to the next concept that is associated to python okay you have Encapsulation basically is the method through which you bind your data and your code together. Now, it also helps you in hiding your data
From people whom you don’t want to do it don’t want to give visibility to so this is one of the major key factors for any programming language as such now, there are two major ways through which you can I access Or achieve encapsulation one is by using the getter
And Setter method and the next is by using at project. Okay. Now we’ll be talking more about that in our next session. But let me give you a simple understanding what happens is that you want to change a specific value as on when in the go itself.
Let’s say my year of development or my year model. You’re just keeps changing continuously in that case. What I need to should do is I need to update these values on regular interval. But let’s say if there is a specific dependency on these variables ahead as well.
Then it becomes an issue same can be said with respect to price now price is going to be increased continuously through getter Setter method. I can ensure that this is going to be implemented every time there’s going to be a change as well apart from that one of the major concepts with respect
To object oriented programming is abstraction now with respect. Back to abstraction what basically it means is that it hides the implementation details and only provides the functionalities to the user. Now. If you look at the image here now a mechanical engineer or an automobile engineer who works with your car is aware
Of the inside and out of your car as well. Now if I need to drive a car, I don’t need to know that I just need to know how to turn on my car how to change the gears and how to move forward as well. That is what abstraction helps me achieve.
I don’t need to understand what exactly happens when a gear shifts from second to third but I just need to know that a gear shift from second to third is going to make it easier for me to move ahead as well. Okay, so this can be achieved by using abstract classes
And an abstract class is quite similar to an actual class itself. But how is it different from an actual class? Is that an abstract class cannot have an object of itself you need? Inherit the abstract class and you need to create an object of that abstract class as well.
Now, let me go back to the same example. Let’s change it here. Okay. Now what I’ll do is that I’m going to add a few additional lines of code. Okay. Let me just copy. here, let’s say I’m going to say from vici ABC and create abstract method Okay.
Now what I’m going to say is that my car class ABC is also. inheriting this abstract now, I’m going to remove all this and Here I’m going to make this an abstract method where and I’m not going to define the logic here.
Okay, for now what I just do is that I call it. Okay. And in my superclass what I’ll do is that I’m going to create the same function. But here I’m not going to Define any logic. Okay. So what I’m basically doing is that in my abstract class,
I’m defining the method to increase the price but based on my requirement now, let’s say I don’t want my supercars to have an increase of just 1.15. So what I’m going to do is that I’m going to increase this. Let’s say the annual increase is going to be two percentage.
So this is one of the major uses through which I can perform or I can use abstract classes. I can just Define the basic logic which is needed to be implemented in all the classes. Ahead and then what I can do is that I can implement or very 8 these functions as
Per my requirement. Okay. Now with this, let me go back to our slide and let me just summarize. So we started with classes and objects. We talked about classes in Python, and then we talked about the various object-oriented programming Concepts in Python. Let’s talk about the init function in Python.
So what exactly is the init function init function automatically gets called each time an object is created for a class. Now, when we add an init function to a parent Class A Child class will not be able to access the parent class method. So to overcome this the child class init function overrides
The parent class init function. So now let’s take a look at an example to understand this now to show how init function works. Let me first clear this Will I do init function over here? Yes and instead of self. I will add one more variable. Let’s say F name and f h now
What I’ll do is I’ll just write self dot name is equal to F name and self dot h is equal to FH now take one more function guys. So I’ll just name it as let’s save you. And for view I want to print the value of f name.
Self dot name and self dot age. So this is my parent function guys, and for the definition in the child class, I will also make one in function. So I’ll just write it as in itself. And again, I have to add F name. And FH.
And let’s say self dot name is equal to F name and self dot h is equal to FH. Now. This init function is going to overwrite the pennant in function guys. So let’s make one more function. So this is going to be view as well.
And in this let’s say I want to print okay before we move on we have to specify the parent function with the init function as well. And we don’t have to mention these variables instead. I’m going to add one more. Let’s say I want to add last name as well.
And I’m going to add it as let’s say Eddie Rekha. Now, I’m going to print over here self dot h self dot last name and self-taught. Let’s say name. All right, I have to remove these. Let’s make one more object. And give it the value, let’s say I want H to be 23,
And last name is going to be python in the inverted commas name we have already specified so we don’t have to give it again. And I’m going to just call the function. Let’s see what happens. What is the output will be so
As you can see I’m getting the output as python at Eureka and when you see so this is how you can override the parent class init method using the child class guys. So this is all about doing it function. Now, let’s talk about the next topic
That we have which is the types of inheritance. So depending upon how many types of painting class in child class are going to be there inside the program following are the types of inheritance in Python guys. So there is single inheritance. There is multiple inheritance, then there is multiple Level inheritance hierarchical
Inheritance and there is Hybrid inheritance as well. So we haven’t talked about each of them in detail guys. So first of all, let’s talk about what is single inheritance. So when their inheritance involves one child class and one parent class only it’s going to be a single inheritance the example
That I showed you before is the example of single inheritance guys and talking about multiple inheritance. It is going to involve more than one painting class, which means we are going to have at least two parent classes and the child class is going to derive properties from both of them.
M and this is called multiple inheritance now talking about multi-level inheritance. Let’s say we have a single inheritance going on. We have a parent class and we have child class but the child class also act as a parent class for another child class that is going to be a multi-level inheritance guys
And talking about hierarchical inheritance hierarchical inheritance actually involves multiple inheritance from the same vein in class and talking about hybrid in Hayden’s if a program has more than one types of in it and let’s say we have a single and multiple inheritance going on simultaneously.
It’s going to be a I played inheritance guys. So let’s take a look at examples for each of them. Let’s go to pycharm guys, and I will remove all this so I will start with single inheritance guys, so I’ll just take a parent class. And give it a function. Let’s say Function One.
And give it a statement. Let’s say this is function 1. Now, let’s take another class guys class child and give you the value of the painting class. And after that we can move for another function. It’s a function number two and give it a statement.
Let’s say print this is function to now Mega child class object and call the function so we can call both of these functions for just call function one give it the output and we are getting the output as this is function 1 so this is a basic example of single inheritance guys.
Now talking about multiple inheritance. What I’m going to do is I am going to make one more class over here. Let’s say class. parent too Now what happens is let’s say give it a function number 3. Let’s say. And print statement. This is function 3 and in the Declaration over here.
I’m going to just specify two classes. And when I call the functions I can call function number one and I can call the function number three as well guys. So let’s see what is happening here in the output. I’m able to call the function number one and function
Number three as well from the child class object. So this is the example of multiple inheritance guys now talking about multi. Level inheritance. So what I’m going to do is I’m just going to specify parent over here. And from this let’s say it doesn’t have any Declaration
Of parent 1 which is this class. So it is not able to inherit any properties from that but what I’m going to do is I’ll just specify parent to over here and I can still call these functions because there is an inheritance going on between them which is multi-level inheritance,
Which basically means this class. The parent one class is actually giving properties to pair into class. And paid into class is giving properties to the child class. So this is example of multi-level inheritance guys. Now talking about hierarchical inheritance guys, but I’m going to do is instead of pairing to over here.
I’ll just specify parent. So for these two child classes, I have the same parent class and now let’s see if I can have the same output or not. I’m not going to get the properties from the parent to because I have not specified it in the United ends. So I’ll just remove this.
And let’s see what happens. I’m getting the output as this is function one. Okay, let’s make the object for parent to as well. All right, give it one and Obi One Dot. Let’s see what functions we can have. I can have the function number three and I can have
The function number one as well. So I just print function number one and from both the child classes. I’m able to print the function number one. So this is the example of hierarchical inheritance guys. I am using the same parent class to give the properties
To both parent to and child class as well. And now talking about Hybrid inheritance Hybrid inheritance actually involves more than one inheritance going on in the single program. So we Have a single inheritance over here. So let’s say I want to have multiple inheritance as well. So I’ll just see
If I parent to now and this is the example of Hybrid inheritance guys because we have a single inheritance going on over here and in the child class, I’m inheriting both the parent 1 ampere into and this is the example of multiple inheritance. So this is a Hybrid inheritance example guys.
We are getting a type error which is saying cannot create a consistent method resolution order for base parents parent 1 ampere into okay. Let’s say said of this I will make one more class over here. Give it a value. Let’s say pair in number 3. Give it a function function.
Let’s say four and print statement. This is function for now instead of parent. Number two. What I’m going to do is I’ll just take parent number three guys and with the child class operator. Let’s see if I can actually get the function number one and let’s say I want function for as well.
I’m able to do that. So in the output, let’s see what I got. I’m getting the function 1 and function for so this is Bill example of Hybrid inheritance guys now that we are done with the type of inheritances. Let’s take a look at what all we have now.
So we’re going to talk about the super function guys super function actually calls the parent class method directly. So let’s take a look at a simple example guys how it works. So I’ll just remove all this. Now what I’ll do is I will make let’s say parent class.
And give the function Function One again, the print statement Now what I can do is instead of calling the parent function from the object. I can just use the super function and over here. I can just call the function 1 now. I will just print this is
Function to let’s make a child class object. Now, let me see if I can call the function to or function one. I can do that. So I’m going to call the function to eyes. Let’s see what the output will be some actually able to call the function one
Directly from the super function over here. So this is the function of super function guys. It can directly call the parent method and now that we are done with the super function. Let’s take a look at the next topic that we have which is method overriding in Python.
So method adding can also be achieved to change the functionality of the painting class function. So let’s take a look at an example. Understand how we can actually achieve method overriding in Python guys. So instead of naming them separately. I’ll just name them as same so
When I create the child class Constructor and if I call the function now, okay function 1 which is so when I’m calling this function technically, it should call the parent function. But what happens is it overrides the parent method? Okay to specify this run it again.
Now, I’m getting the output as this is function to even though I’m calling this function 1 which should be ideally calling the parent function, but it is printing out the function which I have specified in the child class so this is how I have overridden this parent class method
And this is how we can perform method overriding in Python guys in this session let me walk you through on how you can learn and make use of exceptions in Python guys this session is intended to be useful for anyone considering to kick-start their learning about Python
And need some insight on how you can go about making use of ins to make coding very easy for you so the focus is basically on approaching the language in the easiest way possible and to find out what it has to offer to the community and all
Of the learning enthusiasts out here so let’s begin by checking out the agenda for the session will start by checking out why we need exception handling first later we’ll check out what an exception actually means followed by that we’d be walking through the entire process of how we can handle an exception
And lastly we look at how easy it is to code with python Where will take a programming approach and learn the concepts through code now that we’re done with the agenda without further Ado. Let’s begin by checking out why we need exception handling well to understand the concept.
Let me quickly walk you through a very simple scenario consider the case where you’re dividing any number by 0 what will happen. Can you divide a number by 0 you cannot correct? But how would a kid approach this problem the kid would think that you can actually use regular division
To divide something by 0 so you do. Dividing something by nothing. So it stays the same something like this right little does the kid know that this is wrong now check out how a programmer would approach the same concept. Well, it is established that dividing by 0 is not possible mathematically so
As programmers we know it is not correct. So this basically leads to two cases either an exception or an error so a Python program terminates as soon as it encounters an error well in Python and error can be either a syntax error or an And it is as simple as that.
Well, let us actually divide by zero for fun guys. So this is what happens in python python presents us with this beautiful error message saying that it cannot divide something by 0. Well, in fact, let us head to pycharm which is my ID for coding
In Python so we can actually walk through this practically. So guys here I am in my pycharm. So let me quickly go and type out some simple code for you guys. So let’s start with y equal to 10. We can actually print y by zero now, so let me quickly go around.
Run this in the console. So as you can check out that says zero division error division by zero is not possible. So you cannot divide anything by zero. So let’s establish that at this point is that was good enough, right? So let’s get started. Then let us quickly check out what exception handling
Actually is well guys to get a clearer picture of what that is. We need to start with understanding the definition for both exception and exception handling. Well, what is an exception guys an exception is an event. which occurs normally during the execution of a program
That disrupts the normal flow of the program’s instruction so instead of the program actually executing evenly and nicely there is actually a disruption in between the curve so this we basically call as an exception so next what is exception handling guys this is the process of actively responding to An Occurrence
Of an exception as simple as that so basically the process of responding to the occurrence during compilation of exceptional statements which requires special processing is actually what as exception have been guys so this is basically done because of the change in the normal flow of the program execution
Well it is a very simple concept and I’m sure at the end of this session you guys will agree well at this point what do you think of exception handling in Python guy’s head to the comments section and let me know what you think so we can interact there and now
That we know what exception handling is we need to understand how the entire process of exception handling works so let us take it out first let us walk through what happens in Python so let us say the user makes an error what happens next When you think about it is
Either the user that finds out the error or python will actually tell you what the error is, correct. So once you know what the error is and you know, where it is, you can basically start analyzing it to know if it is fixable or not. Well if it is fixable,
How can you go about doing that? Well, if it isn’t nothing to worry guys python is so good that no matter on what level you mess up. There is always a way out of it guys. So now if it’s fixable, how can we handle
The exception check out the image on the right side, so we need Need to First find the error if we cannot do it by then we’ll find out for us. Well, next is to make sure you take caution while coding if you think that there is going to be an error in
That particular piece of code. Well remember the word try at this point. All right, and later will actually fix the error and we call this as catch. This is remember the keywords for now and we’ll be walking through these in detail in the following slides.
In fact, let us Begin by checking it out right now. So Guys, these are some of the important terms that you need to take a note of before starting to code and standing exceptions so first we have try we’ll try is basically the key word
Which is used to keep the code segment under check so whatever code you put under try is actually the code under scrutiny guys and next we have except well except is this segment which is actually used to handle the exception guys so how do we know that the exception is occurred
If our piece of code in the try block has actually caused an exception then we can handle it in the exact block and how do we use else well else is basically run when no exceptions exist guys and lastly we have finally finally we’ll run the even if there is an exception
Finally will run if there is not an exception as well so I want you guys to note this at this point of time and this will help you a lot in the coming slides guys so not coming back to python this is what at visually looks
Like we first have the try block where we run a piece of code and next we have the except where the code actually runs only when there is an exception in the try block and if there are no exceptions then we run the else block guys and lastly no matter
What exception or no exception We Run The finally block always guys Sounds simple right? Well, it actually is another we are familiar with the process of exception handling. Let us check out how we can go about understanding this using python practically guys. Well syntax errors occur when the parser detects an incorrect statement
Will check out the tiny arrow on the left side here. Well, this is basically to indicate where the parser ran into the syntax error. Well in this particular example, there were too many brackets, right so there was an extra closing bracket. Well, if you actually remove it and run it
You’ll actually get a different. Her this time we’ll check on the right side part of the code. Well this time you actually ran into an exception error. Well this type of code occurs whenever syntactically correct python code results in an error guys. So the last line of the message indicated is what type
Of an exception error that you actually ran into well in this particular case. It is 0 division error and it says that the integer division or modular by 0 is not possible. So this is basically the same case that I showed you in pycharm awhile ago, but instead of showing the message,
Error python details what type of exception error was encountered? Well, as I mentioned in this case, it was a zero division error, right? Well python comes with various built-in exceptions as well as the possibility to create self-defined exceptions as well. And now that we are clear with that. Let us check out
How we can go about raising an exception on our own so we can basically make use of raised to throw an exception. If a condition occurs, the statement can be complemented with a custom exception. Well, if you want to throw an error when a certain Condition occurs using race. You can actually go
About it like the following piece of code. You actually see on the screen and when you run this piece of code, you’ll be greeted with the following output guys. So it says exception X2 not exceed 5 and the value of x was 10. So let me quickly jump back to Python
And we can execute this there. So guys, I’m in my pycharm right now. So now quickly typed out the code for you guys. So let me quickly go ahead and run it and we can check out the error as you can see it’s as exception neck should not exceed 5
And the value of x was 10. Perfect, right? So let’s quickly jump back to the presentation to check what’s next. So the program basically comes to a halt and displays are exception to screen. Right? So this basically offers clues about what went wrong and now
That we’re clear with that we can actually proceed to checking out the assertion error guys. So instead of waiting for a program to crash Midway, you can actually start by making an assertion in Python. Well, we assert that a certain statement as actually met and if this condition turns
Out to be true then excellent the program can continue But if the condition turns out to be false, you can have the program to throw an assertion error exception for you guys. Well have a look at the following example on your screen. Well, this is basically where it is asserted
That the code can be executed in a Linux system guys. So if you run this code on a Linux machine the assertion passes if you were to run this code on a Windows machine the outcome of the assertion would be false and what would happen?
Well, definitely the result would be something like this. Right. So it would basically present us with an assertion error and says the did this code runs only on Right. So I’m using a Windows desktop in this particular case. So let me quickly open up my pycharm
And then we can actually run this piece of code to check out our exception guys. So I’m back in my pycharm and I’ve typed out the code guys. So let me quickly go ahead and run this as you can check out since this is a Windows machine.
It says this code can run on Linux only but this particular case this assertion would be true. If you are actually running this on a Linux machine base. So if any of you guys are using Linux machine, make sure to try it out and on that note.
Let’s quickly come back to the Presentation-wise well in this particular example throwing an assertion error is the last thing that the program will do the program will definitely come to a halt and it will not continue guys. But what if that is not what you want what if you want something
Different from this or that you want the program to continue while displaying an exception for you guys when other we actually have a fair idea about how we can go about understanding exceptions. Let us Dive Right Into the Heart of exceptions now. Yes, I’m talking about the try and except block guys.
So basically the try and except block and pie. Is used to catch and handle exceptions. Well python basically executes code following the try statement as a normal part of the program the code that follows the except statement is the program’s response to any exception in the preceding. Try glass guys.
Well, as you saw in the earlier examples that I actually showed you when syntactically correct code runs into an error python will throw an exception error and this exception error will actually crash the program if it is unhandled guys. So the except Clause determines how your program response to these Exception guys,
So instead of actually crashing our program. We can actually tell python what to do when this particular exception occurs. We’ll check out the following function guys. So this function can basically help us understand the try and the except block while the Linux interaction function can only run on a Linux system.
The assert in this function will actually throw an assertion error exception if you’re using it or any other operation system apart from Linux. Well, we can actually give this a try in Python. So let me quickly open up that so as I’m quickly or my pycharm, so let me quickly go.
And select this and run it well this won’t say anything right now because well if it was actually a Linux platform the message would have been printed right so let’s quickly jump back to the presentation so basically if we run the tiny piece of code you see on the bottom the way we
Actually handle the error in this particular case is because we gave out a pass right well if you were to actually run this code on a Windows machine you would get the following output which is already on your screen right so it is a blank output
You get nothing well the good thing here is that the program actually did not crash – but it would be nice to see if some sort of exception occurred when you actually ran your code well to this end you can actually change the pass into something that would generate an informative message
Like this check it out so let me quickly go ahead and run this and pycharm But as you can check it out at just the Linux function was not executed. Right? So basically this happened because I am on a Windows machine guys. So let’s quickly go back to the presentation and guys
When an exception occurs in a program running this particular function, the program will continue as well as inform you about the fact that the function call was not successful. Well what you did not get to see was it the type of error that was actually thrown as a result
Of this function call guys. So in order to see what exactly went wrong you would need to catch Catch the error that the function through well check out this particular piece of code I have for you guys. So here is basically where we actually capture the assertion error
And we print the output message to the screen. So we have a try block. We have the same function and we have except as error, right? So we’re going to print what type of an error it is followed by a message for us, right? So running this particular case
On a Windows machine will actually give us this following output device such as function can only run on Linux system and whatever you have chosen in the print block is actually being printed for us. So let me run this in pycharm says And check it out. We have the message printed, right?
So it was the same as I told you. So it was the same message as I told you before heading back to the presentation. Well in the previous example, we actually called a function that we wrote ourselves, right? And after that when we actually executed the function,
We caught the particular assertion error exception and then we printed on the screen. Well I have for you another example where you actually open a file and use a built-in exception guys. In fact, let us dive into pycharm and we can actually run this
And we can come back and take a look at the output. So guys I actually came into pycharm and I actually ran that particular piece of code. Why does it say could not open file log? Well guys, basically if the file DOT log does not exist.
The block will give you this output, right? So it says the file could not been opened. Well, this is an informative message and our Python program is actually still able to continue to run. It has not crashed. Right? Well actually in the python documentation,
You can see that there are a lot of built-in exceptions that you can make use of and here is one exception that I have for you guys that you can check. Out so the exception file not found error. Right? So basically this is raised when a file or directory is requested,
But that doesn’t actually exist and this is just one among many that python offers to us guys. Well to catch this type of an exception and to print it on the screen you would actually use this following piece of code guys. So in the try block,
We actually going to open it as file and we’re going to read something present in it guys. We’re going to accept it by pushing a file not found error as an object and later. We actually end up printing that object right? So let me quickly go ahead into pie.
Um, and we can check it out. Well as you can check it out we have error number two, which is no file or directory, right? So it’s perfect. Well, you can have more than one function call in your try Klaus actually guys and anticipate catching various exceptions as well.
Well a thing to note here is that the code in the try Klaus will actually stop as soon as an exception is encountered but there is one important thing that I want you guys to know down as that while catching an exception it basically hides all of the errors guys.
Well, definitely there are some unexpected errors in your program, right? You’re catching an exception. And even these are completely hidden from you. Well, this is why basically you should avoid using bare except statements Clauses in your python programs guys. So instead basically,
What you can do is you can refer to the specific exception class that you want to catch and then handle those particular exceptions guys. So look at this following piece of code I have for you. So you are basically you first called Linux interaction function
And then later actually try to open a file guys. So let us quickly jump into Python and we can actually check it out. So as you can see I actually Looted the program guys again, if the file doesn’t exist running this code on a Windows machine will give you their output.
Right so it’s basically says that the function can will run only on a Linux machine and then we have actually printed something guys. Well, what we actually did here is inside the try Klaus we directly ran into an exception immediately and will not get to the part
Where you actually try to open our file or log right now. Basically when you actually run it on Linux machine, it’s going to says no file or directory found check it out here guys. So this is the windows output that you get and this is the Linux output guys.
This point let’s take a quick break and check out what are the key takeaways of this particular module guys. So basically a trike loss is executed up until the point where the first exception is encountered and inside the except clause or the exception Handler what we basically called we can actually determine
How the program actually should respond to that particular exception and we can actually manipulate multiple exceptions and differentiate how the program should respond to each of them. Right? And lastly. We actually learned why we should avoid using their exit Clauses guys,
And now that you’re clear, With this next up I have for you is the else Clause guys. So basically in Python using the else statement, you can instruct a program to execute a certain set of code only in the absence of exceptions guys will check out this following diagram on your screen.
So basically in the Tripod, we have the code except when we actually want to handle the exception or else in case there is no exception. We’re going to run the piece of code that comes in under else guys. So let me quickly walk you through the code guys.
So here is basically the same Linux interaction function. We have an associate editor here and we actually are going to print the error right so else if there is no assertion error. So we’re going to have an else clause and we’re going to print saying executing the else Clause right?
So let me quickly open up my pycharm and we can run this piece of code guys. So as soon as I go ahead and run this it says function can only run on a particular Linux system, right? So as you can see how the output is
The function can run only on Linux systems, right? So in this case, I have a Windows machine. So we are actually not printing the except Clause here. But if you are running this on a particular Linux machine, this is the output that you would get guy such as doing something
And executing the else class. Correct? This happened because of the program did not run into exceptions any exceptions, right? So else Clause was actually executed. Well, you can actually try to run the code inside the else clause and catch possible Exceptions there as well. Well again, we have
The same Linux interaction you are we going to print it. So the Linux output says doing something and no such file or directory found. Well, this is basically for the else clause and we using the same file example here, but then we’re actually trying to catch an exception
In the else block as well. So the output is pretty much straight forward as well. Right? Well from the output you can actually tell that the Linux and traction function actually ran well because no exceptions were encountered an attempt to open file DOT log was actually made
And that file did not exist and instead of opening the file. You actually caught the exception which is the file not found exception pretty simple. Right and I hope you guys are clear with all of the concepts that we discussed on till now and next up.
We need to check out how we can actually use the finally Clause guys well to begin with imagine that you always had to implement some sort of action to clean up executing your code guys. Well python basically enables you to do so using
The finally claws have a look at the following example guys, check out the workflow on your screen. I’m pretty sure we’re all familiar with try except and else at this point of time, right? So, this is the Grand Lodge Order that you need to go into first. You have the try to check
For an exception then we actually handle if there is an exception using the except or else if there is no exception. We’re going to print whatever is there in the else block and lastly we have something called as finally guys. So no matter what we are going
To execute this in case of there’s an exception. The finally block is going to run in case there is no exception finally block is going to run there as well. So let us quickly check out a coding example guys. So basically this is the particular code
I have for you guys and let me jump back into my pycharm and we Can actually execute this so guys I’m back into my pycharm. So let me quickly go ahead and run this well as you can check it out. It says the function can only run on Linux machines.
This is because I’m on a Windows machine right now and no matter what right so exception or no exception we have this message which is cleaning up irrespective of any exception guys. So this is basically the use of finally guys and that is as simple as it gets
So it’s pretty much simple, right? Well try except else. Finally all of this is a really simple concept. And once you understand what it actually does, you can go about doing a lot using python guys. Well, no matter what the python application is. There is a very good chance
That you’ll actually make use of exceptions guys. Well on that note, let me quickly summarize the entire session for you guys. Well in this session we cover the following topics will basically we started out with the introduction to exception handling and later. We looked at why we actually needed right
And then we checked out the following concepts in the screen. So we checked out a raise which I doubt I answered which I doubt try which I thought except. Else and finally guys, well guys, I would suggest you actually take a screenshot of this right now
Or take a note of all of the keywords and how you can use them in Python guys. So this will actually take your really long way and your python career and knowing exceptions in Python is always an upper hand when you’re coding guys.
-
Sale!
Wireless WIFI Repeater Extender Amplifier Booster 300Mbps
$29.99$14.99 Add to cartWireless WIFI Repeater Extender Amplifier Booster 300Mbps
Categories: Electronics, Wi-Fi Router, Wireless Wi-Fi Extender Tags: 300Mbps, 802.11N, Amplifier, Booster, Extender, mobile wi-fi booster, Remote, WIFI, Wireless, Wireless WIFI, Wireless WIFI Repeater, Wireless WIFI Repeater Extender, Wireless WIFI Repeater Extender Amplifier, Wireless WIFI Repeater Extender Amplifier Booster, Wireless WIFI Repeater Extender Amplifier Booster 300Mbps$29.99$14.99 -
Sale!
Full RGB Light Design Gaming Headset Headphones with Mic
$24.99$14.99 Add to cartFull RGB Light Design Gaming Headset Headphones with Mic
Categories: Electronics, Gaming, Gaming Headsets Tags: Design, Full, Full RGB Light Design Gaming Headset, Full RGB Light Design Gaming Headset Headphones, Full RGB Light Design Gaming Headset Headphones with Mic, Gamer, Gaming, Gaming Headset Headphones, gaming headset wireless, Headphone, Headphones, Headset, Light, Mic, Package, RGB$24.99$14.99 -
Sale!
Wireless BlueTooth Multi-Device Keyboard Mouse Combo
$39.99$19.99 Add to cartWireless BlueTooth Multi-Device Keyboard Mouse Combo
Categories: Electronics, Gaming, Gaming Keyboards, Keyboard Mouse Combos Tags: Combo, Keyboard, keyboard mouse combos, Mouse, MultiDevice, Set, WireKeyboard Mouse Combo, Wireless, Wireless BlueTooth Keyboard Mouse Combo, Wireless BlueTooth Keyboard Mouse Combos, Wireless BlueTooth Multi-Device Keyboard Mouse Combo, Wireless BlueTooth Multi-Device Keyboard Mouse Combos$39.99$19.99 -
Sale!
High Back Leather Executive Adjustable Swivel Gaming Chair with Headrest and Lumbar
$199.99$139.99 Add to cartHigh Back Leather Executive Adjustable Swivel Gaming Chair with Headrest and Lumbar
Categories: Gaming, Gaming Chairs Tags: Adjustable, Chair, computer chairs, Desk, Executive, Gaming, Girl, Headrest, High, High Back Leather Executive Adjustable Swivel Gaming Chair, High Back Leather Executive Adjustable Swivel Gaming Chair with Headrest, High Back Leather Executive Adjustable Swivel Gaming Chair with Headrest and Lumbar, High Back Leather Executive Adjustable Swivel Gaming Chairs, Leather, Lumbar, Office, Racing, Swivel$199.99$139.99 -
Sale!
Professional LED Light Wired Gaming Headphones with Noise Cancelling Microphone
$29.99$19.99 Select optionsProfessional LED Light Wired Gaming Headphones with Noise Cancelling Microphone
SKU: N/A Categories: Electronics, Gaming, Gaming Headsets Tags: Cancelling, Gaming, Gaming Headphones with Noise Cancelling Microphone, gaming headset, Headphones, Headset, LED, Light, Mic, Microphone, Noise, Professional, Professional LED Light Wired Gaming Headphones, Professional LED Light Wired Gaming Headphones with Noise Cancelling Microphone, Wired, Wired Gaming Headphones, Wired Gaming Headphones with Noise Cancelling Microphone$29.99$19.99 -
Sale!
Gaming Desk with LED Lights USB Power Outlets and Charging Ports
$349.99$249.99 Select optionsGaming Desk with LED Lights USB Power Outlets and Charging Ports
SKU: N/A Categories: Computer Desk, Gaming, Gaming Desk Tags: and Charging Ports, Charging, Desk, Desks, Gaming, gaming desk with led lights, Gaming Desks with LED Lights, Home, LED, Lights, Monitor, Office, Outlets, Port, Power, Room, Stand, USB, USB Power Outlets, White, Workstation$349.99$249.99 -
Sale!
Wired Mixed Backlit Anti-Ghosting Gaming Keyboard
$99.99$79.99 Add to cartWired Mixed Backlit Anti-Ghosting Gaming Keyboard
Categories: Electronics, Gaming, Gaming Keyboards Tags: Antighosting, Backlit, Blue, brown, Gaming, Gaming Keyboard, gaming keyboards, gaming keyboards and mouse, Keyboard, Laptop, Switch, Wired, Wired Mixed Backlit Anti-Ghosting Gaming Keyboard, Wired Mixed Backlit Anti-Ghosting Gaming Keyboards, Wired Mixed Backlit Gaming Keyboard$99.99$79.99 -
Sale!
Wireless Bluetooth 5.3 ANC Noise Cancellation Hi-Res Over the Ear Headphones Headset
$119.99$59.99 Add to cartWireless Bluetooth 5.3 ANC Noise Cancellation Hi-Res Over the Ear Headphones Headset
Categories: Electronics, Gaming, Gaming Headsets Tags: 5.3 ANC Noise Cancellation Hi-Res Over the Ear Headphones Headset, ANC, Audio, Bluetooth, Cancellation, Ear, Earphone, gaming headset, Headphones, Headset, Hi-Res Over the Ear Headphones Headset, HiRes, Noise, Wireless, Wireless Bluetooth 5.3 ANC Noise Cancellation Hi-Res Headphones, Wireless Bluetooth 5.3 ANC Noise Cancellation Hi-Res Over the Ear Headphones Headset, Wireless Bluetooth 5.3 ANC Noise Cancellation Hi-Res Over the Ear Headphones Headsets$119.99$59.99 -
Sale!
Wired Sports Gaming Headset Earbuds with Microphone
$19.99$9.99 Select optionsWired Sports Gaming Headset Earbuds with Microphone
SKU: N/A Categories: Gaming, Gaming Headsets Tags: Accessories, Earbud, Earphone, Earphones, Gaming, gaming headset with microphone, Headphones, Headset, IOS, Microphone, Sports, Wired, Wired Sports Gaming Headset Earbuds, Wired Sports Gaming Headset Earbuds with Microphone, Wired Sports Headset Earbuds$19.99$9.99 -
Sale!
150W Universal Multi USB Fast Charger 16 Port MAX Charging Station
$49.99$29.99 Add to cart150W Universal Multi USB Fast Charger 16 Port MAX Charging Station
Categories: Charging Stations, Electronics Tags: 150W, 150W Charging Station, 150W Universal Multi USB Charging Station, 150W Universal Multi USB Fast Charger 16 Port MAX Charging Station, 150W Universal Multi USB Fast Charger 16 Port MAX Charging Stations, 150W Universal Multi USB MAX Charging Station, 16 Port MAX Charging Station, 3.5A, Charger, Charging, Fast, laptop charging stations, Max, Multi, Port, Stand, Station, Universal, USB$49.99$29.99
Got a question on the topic? Please share it in the comment section below and our experts will answer it for you. For Python Programming Certification Curriculum, Visit our Website: https://bit.ly/2Y58PfN (Use Code "𝐘𝐎𝐔𝐓𝐔𝐁𝐄𝟐𝟎") 🔴Subscribe to Edureka YouTube channel for latest video updates: http://bit.ly/2ADbbb1
Below is the video timestamp:
1:55 What is Python?
3:40 Why is Python popular?
4:55 Features of Python
6:50 Where is Python used in the industry?
7:50 Learning Path
9:15 Career Opportunities
10:30 How Netflix use Python?
11:55 How does it use Python?
18:15 Python Developer Salary
18:50 Who is Python Developer?
19:20 Python Developer Job Trends
21:55 How to become a Python Developer?
23:05 Who is a Python developer?
33:50 Job Roles
41:40 Emerging Job Roles
44:30 Road Map
47:05 Python Installation
54:30 How to run a Python program?
58:35 Best IDE for Python
59:35 What is an IDE?
59:50 Features of an IDE
1:00:50 Best IDEs of Python
1:07:40 PyCharm Tutorial
1:07:42 Introduction to PyCharm
1:09:07 Features of PyCharm
1:28:02 Comments in Python
1:28:52 What are Comments?
1:29:47 When to use Python?
1:30:22 How to write comments in Python?
1:32:22 Types of Comments
1:35:57 Docstring Comments
1:39:02 Variables & Data Types
1:39:17 Variable definition & Declaration
1:41:22 Data Types
1:41:42 Numbers
1:43:12 String
1:46:02 List
1:48:12 Dictionary
1:50:12 Tuple
1:51:27 Set
1:53:52 Type Conversion
1:54:42 Python Collections
1:57:12 Specialised Collections Data Types
2:14:57 Arrays
2:15:32 What is an Array?
2:17:27 How to create Arrays in Python?
2:20:52 Accessing Array Elements
2:22:42 Basic Array Operations
2:24:27 Adding elements to an Array
2:27:52 Removing Elements of an Array
2:33:42 Slicing an Array
2:36:12 Looping through an Array
2:39:57 Hash Table and HashMap
2:41:37 Creating Dictionaries
2:44:02 Nested dictionaries
2:46:52 Performing Operations on Hash Table
2:55:32 Operators in Python
3:13:17 Loops in Python
3:13:52 Why to use Python?
3:16:12 What are Loops?
3:18:07 Loops in Python
3:18:17 While Loop
3:26:22 For Loop
3:32:22 Nested Loop
3:48:12 Patterns in Python
4:24:27 File Handling
4:25:07 Why need File Handling
4:27:02 Types of Files
4:28:37 What is File Handling?
4:29:22 Python File Handling System
4:32:52 File Operations for Reading
4:41:27 Python File Write Method
4:47:37 Decorator
4:48:22 Functions in Python
4:54:07 Decorators in Python
5:08:32 Lambda
5:10:17 How to write Anonymous functions?
5:29:02 Map-Reduce Functions
5:29:47 Introduction to map(), filter(), reduce()
5:46:22 What are Generators?
5:47:32 Normal functions vs Generators
5:48:02 Writing Generators in Python
5:52:57 Generators with Loops
5:53:57 Generator Expressions
5:56:22 Use-Cases
6:02:27 OOPS Concepts
6:03:07 Classes & Objects
6:33:47 Inheritance in Python
6:36:52 Types of Inheritance
6:42:47 Python Super Function
6:44:52 Exception Handling
6:54:42 Try & Except block
7:05:52 Python Module
7:07:47 How to create a Module?
7:17:33 Python Modules Search Path
7:24:23 Date & Time
7:24:58 time module
7:38:23 Numpy
7:38:58 What is Numpy?
7:41:43 Numpy vs List
7:49:03 Numpy Operations
8:05:23 Numpy Special Functions
8:09:58 SciPy
8:10:48 What is Python SciPy?
8:12:23 Basic Functions
8:15:48 Special Functions
8:18:53 Integration Functions
8:24:43 Linear Algebra
8:26:48 Interpolation Functions
8:28:18 Pandas
8:29:18 Data life-cycle
8:31:23 What is Pandas?
8:35:33 Pandas Operations
8:54:13 Example
8:59:38 Python for Statistics
9:02:43 Pydoop
9:04:03 Matplotlib
9:04:28 Data Visualization
9:09:13 Matplotlib
9:10:13 Types of Plots
9:30:13 Multiple Plots
9:32:18 Seaborn
9:32:53 Introduction to Seaborn
9:33:33 Seaborn vs Matplotlib
9:34:28 How to install Seaborn?
9:34:48 Installing Dependencies
9:35:33 Python Seaborn Functions
9:44:23 Multi-Plot Grids
9:47:08 Plot Aesthetics
9:50:58 FIFA Use-case
10:15:33 OpenCV Tutorial
10:16:03 What is Computer Vision?
10:16:48 How computer reads an Image?
10:18:53 What is OpenCV?
10:19:58 Basic operations with OpenCV
10:27:33 Face Detection
10:27:38 Face Detection using OpenCV
10:31:53 Capturing Video
10:43:28 Use-case – Motion Detector
10:54:58 Web Development Framework
10:55:23 What are Frameworks in Python?
11:08:34 Python Web Development
11:09:04 Python Web Development Libraries
11:09:24 Python & Django
11:28:19 Web Scraping
11:33:49 Packages used for web Scraping
Can you please provide python notes pdf of this whole course …????
This is the best channel i have seen up to now!
Respected madam. Keep doing good
Thank you so much mam and sir I will happy who to learn the python afraid but is easy I learn more once again thank you edureka chennal
Is this video enough for beginners who wanted to learn full python course?
nice
Hello mam/Sir Im learning Python course .I want also certifacte
I m learning new programming language in this session is help full to me .Thank you , for all team of Edureka
Most informative and useful
6 million views on a 11 hour long video about coding… Dear God…
Thank you so much edureka team. Such a great job.❤.
I'm a QA Engineer and interested to learn python for automation . Does this video cover all the relevant topics or do you have any other link to learn .
This is by far the best training video I have every seen. Lots of detail included. These instructors are wonderful at sharing their knowledge. Wish they would do a video on python game development in the future.😊
1:55 What is Python?
3:40 Why is Python popular?
4:55 Features of Python
6:50 Where is Python used in the industry?
7:50 Learning Path
9:15 Career Opportunities
10:30 How Netflix use Python?
11:55 How does it use Python?
18:15 Python Developer Salary
18:50 Who is Python Developer?
19:20 Python Developer Job Trends
21:55 How to become a Python Developer?
23:05 Who is a Python developer?
33:50 Job Roles
41:40 Emerging Job Roles
44:30 Road Map
47:05 Python Installation
54:30 How to run a Python program?
58:35 Best IDE for Python
59:35 What is an IDE?
59:50 Features of an IDE
1:00:50 Best IDEs of Python
1:07:40 PyCharm Tutorial
1:07:42 Introduction to PyCharm
1:09:07 Features of PyCharm
1:28:02 Comments in Python
1:28:52 What are Comments?
1:29:47 When to use Python?
1:30:22 How to write comments in Python?
1:32:22 Types of Comments
1:35:57 Docstring Comments
1:39:02 Variables & Data Types
1:39:17 Variable definition & Declaration
1:41:22 Data Types
1:41:42 Numbers
1:43:12 String
1:46:02 List
1:48:12 Dictionary
1:50:12 Tuple
1:51:27 Set
1:53:52 Type Conversion
1:54:42 Python Collections
1:57:12 Specialised Collections Data Types
2:14:57 Arrays
2:15:32 What is an Array?
2:17:27 How to create Arrays in Python?
2:20:52 Accessing Array Elements
2:22:42 Basic Array Operations
2:24:27 Adding elements to an Array
2:27:52 Removing Elements of an Array
2:33:42 Slicing an Array
2:36:12 Looping through an Array
2:39:57 Hash Table and HashMap
2:41:37 Creating Dictionaries
2:44:02 Nested dictionaries
2:46:52 Performing Operations on Hash Table
2:55:32 Operators in Python
3:13:17 Loops in Python
3:13:52 Why to use Python?
3:16:12 What are Loops?
3:18:07 Loops in Python
3:18:17 While Loop
3:26:22 For Loop
3:32:22 Nested Loop
3:48:12 Patterns in Python
4:24:27 File Handling
4:25:07 Why need File Handling
4:27:02 Types of Files
4:28:37 What is File Handling?
4:29:22 Python File Handling System
4:32:52 File Operations for Reading
4:41:27 Python File Write Method
4:47:37 Decorator
4:48:22 Functions in Python
4:54:07 Decorators in Python
5:08:32 Lambda
5:10:17 How to write Anonymous functions?
5:29:02 Map-Reduce Functions
5:29:47 Introduction to map(), filter(), reduce()
5:46:22 What are Generators?
5:47:32 Normal functions vs Generators
5:48:02 Writing Generators in Python
5:52:57 Generators with Loops
5:53:57 Generator Expressions
5:56:22 Use-Cases
6:02:27 OOPS Concepts
6:03:07 Classes & Objects
6:33:47 Inheritance in Python
6:36:52 Types of Inheritance
6:42:47 Python Super Function
6:44:52 Exception Handling
6:54:42 Try & Except block
7:05:52 Python Module
7:07:47 How to create a Module?
7:17:33 Python Modules Search Path
7:24:23 Date & Time
7:24:58 time module
7:38:23 Numpy
7:38:58 What is Numpy?
7:41:43 Numpy vs List
7:49:03 Numpy Operations
8:05:23 Numpy Special Functions
8:09:58 SciPy
8:10:48 What is Python SciPy?
8:12:23 Basic Functions
8:15:48 Special Functions
8:18:53 Integration Functions
8:24:43 Linear Algebra
8:26:48 Interpolation Functions
8:28:18 Pandas
8:29:18 Data life-cycle
8:31:23 What is Pandas?
8:35:33 Pandas Operations
8:54:13 Example
8:59:38 Python for Statistics
9:02:43 Pydoop
9:04:03 Matplotlib
9:04:28 Data Visualization
9:09:13 Matplotlib
9:10:13 Types of Plots
9:30:13 Multiple Plots
9:32:18 Seaborn
9:32:53 Introduction to Seaborn
9:33:33 Seaborn vs Matplotlib
9:34:28 How to install Seaborn?
9:34:48 Installing Dependencies
9:35:33 Python Seaborn Functions
9:44:23 Multi-Plot Grids
9:47:08 Plot Aesthetics
9:50:58 FIFA Use-case
10:15:33 OpenCV Tutorial
10:16:03 What is Computer Vision?
10:16:48 How computer reads an Image?
10:18:53 What is OpenCV?
10:19:58 Basic operations with OpenCV
10:27:33 Face Detection
10:27:38 Face Detection using OpenCV
10:31:53 Capturing Video
10:43:28 Use-case – Motion Detector
10:54:58 Web Development Framework
10:55:23 What are Frameworks in Python?
11:08:34 Python Web Development
11:09:04 Python Web Development Libraries
11:09:24 Python & Django
11:28:19 Web Scraping
11:33:49 Packages used for web Scraping
This is great info, I am pivoting my career out of being a chairside dentist and back to tech, this will give me a chance to reset my career, thank you!
thank you so much for the tutorial, you make the world better
Good job guys 👍
good job this really helped me
Excellent introduction mam.
🙏👌
happy coding
#Dcodeworld
Thanks you so much ❤😊
Thank you good explain
Yes, it will help me a lot inshallah
Thanks for the tutorial !!
Awesome Course!
Good
It's good tutorial
Actual video stars at 29:05
use case on FIFA is superb!!!
Thank you a lot for such big present 😊
love
Thanks so much mam 😀🙏
Can you plz provide notes? It will helps a lot
really well done
Where to share our mail id to get the notes?
Everything is perfect. Thankyou Edureka. The only 😥 is I can't understand the loop concept. The remaining are superb😀
pls provide those slides of python tutorial in pdf ,, it will save lot of time
thanks a lot😊
I appreciate providing such detailed explanation for all topics.
Also, I'm getting an error while executing the single class decorator example. Could you please confirm on that?
Hii everyone 👋
Can anyone share the material of this course
❤🙏
Thanks for python
bro really thanks…🙂